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Article • Hoehnea 49 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-64/2021   copy

Floristic survey of a Caatinga area of high biological importance in the Mesoregion of Paraíba backlands, Northeast Brazil1. 1. Parte do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso do primeiro Autor

Levantamento florístico de uma área de Caatinga de alta importância biológica na Mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The Caatinga occupies an area of ​​approximately 912,529 km², being one of the most distinct phytogeographic regions of the Brazilian territory. It has a vegetation that varies according to its distribution and relationship with the geography of each area. This study aimed to carry out a floristic survey of ABA farm, located in the municipality of Passagem, mesoregion of the Paraíba backlands. For four years, fortnightly botanical collections were carried out in all the plant's physiognomies on the farm, following a standard botanical protocol of floristic survey and herborization techniques. The results of this research brought up an important floristic list, consisting of 322 species from 194 genera belonging to 62 botanical families. Among these families, the ones with the higher number of species were Fabaceae (48 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (23 spp.), Convolvulaceae (21 spp.), Malvaceae (19 spp.) and Asteraceae (15 spp.). The habits were herbs (108 spp.), trees (59 spp.), subshrubs (56 spp.), shrubs (46 spp.), lianas (46 spp.), epyphytes and parasites (four spp.) In addition, 38 new species records were registered for the Paraíba State.

Keywords:
diversity; flora; floristic composition; semiarid

RESUMO

A Caatinga ocupa uma área de aproximadamente 912.529 km², sendo umas das regiões fitogeográficas mais distintas do território brasileiro. Possui uma vegetação que varia conforme a sua distribuição e relação com a geografia de cada área. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento florístico da Fazenda ABA, localizada no município de Passagem, mesorregião do sertão paraibano. Durante quatro anos foram realizadas coletas botânicas quinzenais em todas as fitofisionomias da Fazenda ABA, obedecendo a um protocolo botânico padrão de técnicas de levantamento florístico e herborização de exsicatas. Os resultados desta pesquisa geraram uma lista florística importante, constituída de 322 espécies de 194 gêneros pertencentes a 62 famílias botânicas, dentre estas as famílias que mais se destacaram em número de espécies temos Fabaceae (48 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (23 spp.), Convolvulaceae (21 spp.), Malvaceae (19 spp.) e Asteraceae (15 spp.). Os hábitos foram o herbáceo (108 spp.), arbóreo (59 spp.), subarbustivo (56 spp.), arbustivo (46 spp.), lianas (46 spp.), epífitas e parasitas (quatro spp.). Além disso foram apontados 38 novos registros de espécies para o Estado da Paraíba.

Palavra-chave:
composição florística; diversidade; flora; semiárido

Introduction

The Caatinga is located in the northeastern semiarid and occupies an area of approximately 912,529 km² (Silva et al. 2017Silva, J.M.C., Leal, I.R. & Tabarelli, M. 2017. Caatinga: The largest tropical dry forest region in South America. Editora Springer.), being one of the most distinct phytogeographic regions of the Brazilian territory. Its flora, in the Caatinga domain, has a representation of 5.022 species, with 2.307 species being found in the Paraíba State, according to a study presented in BFG (2021BFG. 2021. Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network. Taxon 71 (1): 178-198.).

The Caatinga climate is semi-arid, forming vegetation mosaics, mostly deciduous, xerophilous and prickly plants, with poorly distributed rainfall and precipitation in a period of three to six months (IBGE 2004IBGE. 2004. Mapa de Biomas do Brasil. Escala 1:5.000. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, Rio de Janeiro. Available in https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/informacoes-ambientais/15842-biomas.html?edicao=16060&t=downloads (access on 20-XII-2019).
https://www.ibge.gov.br/geociencias/info... , Silva et al. 2017Silva, J.M.C., Leal, I.R. & Tabarelli, M. 2017. Caatinga: The largest tropical dry forest region in South America. Editora Springer.). In the Northern backland depression, rainfall is more concentrated in this ecoregion than in other parts of the Caatinga, varying from 500 to 800 mm (Veloso et al. 2002Veloso, A.L., Sampaio, E.V.S.B., Giulietti, A.M., Barbosa, M.R.V., Castro, A.A.J.F., Queiroz, L.P., Fernandes, A., Oren, D.C., Cestaro, L.A., Carvalho, A.J.E., Pareyn, F.G.C., Silva, F.B.R., Miranda, E.E., Keel, S. & Gondim, R.S. 2002. Ecorregiões Propostas Para o Bioma Caatinga. 1ª Edição. Recife: Associação Plantas do Nordeste; Instituto de Conservação Ambiental The Nature Conservancy do Brasil.).

ABA Farm is located in an area which is considered by MMA (2002MMA. 2002. Avaliação e ações prioritárias da biodiversidade da Caatinga. Brasília: MMA/SBF. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco/Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento/Fundação Biodiversitas/EMBRAPA Semiárido. Available in https://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira/%C3%A1reas-priorit%C3%A1rias/item/510 (access on 05-VI-2020).
https://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/bi... ) as of high biological importance in the Caatinga, placed in the mountain complex also named Aba after the river that crosses this geologic mountain complex. The totality of its area presents many phytophysiognomies with mountains up to 800 m high and dense well-preserved tree-shrub caatinga associated to riparian forest, rupiculous flora and open fields. Among these areas riparian forests, open fields with the presence of exotic species and montane vegetation can be found (MMA 2002MMA. 2002. Avaliação e ações prioritárias da biodiversidade da Caatinga. Brasília: MMA/SBF. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco/Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento/Fundação Biodiversitas/EMBRAPA Semiárido. Available in https://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/biodiversidade-brasileira/%C3%A1reas-priorit%C3%A1rias/item/510 (access on 05-VI-2020).
https://www.mma.gov.br/biodiversidade/bi... ).

In the mesoregion of the Paraíba hinterland, floristic studies have been developed in the last five years and have improved knowledge about the state's flora, contributing to a better understanding of the flora and vegetation of Caatinga areas (Lucena et al. 2015Lucena, D.S., Lucena, M.F.A., Sousa, J.M., Silva, R.F.L., Souza, P.F. 2015. Flora vascular de um inselbergue na mesorregião do sertão paraibano, nordeste do Brasil. Scientia Plena, v. 11, ed. 1., Torres et al. 2016Torres, C.R.M., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. 2016. Checklist de plantas aquáticas em trechos de Caatinga do semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Gaia scientia., Brito et al. 2018Brito, I.J.N., Costa, S.L., Cordeiro, J.M.P., Lohmann, L.G., Melo, J.I.M. 2018. New records of the Tabebuia Alliance (Bignoniaceae) for the State of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad. pp. 625-630., Costa et al. 2019Costa, S.L., Brito, I.J.N., Lohmann, L.G. & Melo, J.I.M. 2019. New records of the tribe Bignonieae (Bignoniaceae) for Paraiba state, northeastern Brazil. Acta Brasiliensis, pp. 89-96., Fernando et al. 2021Fernando, E.M.P., Costa, S.L., Campos, K.G., Mamede, M.L., Lohmann, L.G. & Lucena, M.F.A. 2021. Flora of Fazenda ABA, Paraíba, Brazil: Bignoniaceae. Rodriguésia 72: e01632020). The present study consists of a floristic survey of ABA farm, in the municipality of Passagem, Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil.

Material and methods

Study area - The municipality of Passagem is located in the mesoregion of the Paraiba hinterland, bordering with Quixaba and São Mamede by north, Taperoá e Cacimba by south, and Cacimba de Areia by east (IBGE 2019IBGE. 2019. Instituto Brasileiro Geografia e Estatística. Available in https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-cidade-e-estado.html?t=destaques&c=2510709 (access on 09-I-2019).
https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-... ) (figure 1). The climate is semi-arid (Bsh), warm and dry, with an average annual temperature of 25ºC (Francisco 2015Francisco, P.R.M., Medeiros, R.M., Santos, D. & Matos, R.M. 2015. Classificação Climática de Köppen e Thornthwaite para o Estado da Paraíba. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física8 (4): 1006-1016., IBGE 2019IBGE. 2019. Instituto Brasileiro Geografia e Estatística. Available in https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-cidade-e-estado.html?t=destaques&c=2510709 (access on 09-I-2019).
https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-... ).

Figure 1.
Location map of the municipality of Passagem, Paraíba State, Brasil.

ABA farm is located at 4.6km from the urban area of Passagem, occupies an area of 350 ha of which 120 are legal reserve. Although most of the farm is located on a plain, the caatingas also reach the mountains, where the wavy to sgrongly wavy relief predominates, with elevations ranging from 300m to 810m, with emphasis on the Aba Mountains and Preacas (Beltrão et al. 2005Beltrão, B.A., Mascarenhas, J.C., Sousa, L.C., Morais, F., Mendes, V.A. & Miranda, J.L.F. 2005. Projeto cadastro de Fontes de Abastecimento por Água Subterrânea. Diagnóstico do Município de Passagem, estado da Paraíba. Recife: CPRM/PRODEEM.).

The set of mountains which compose the farm (figure 2) shows a well-preserved vegetation, compared to vegetation at the lower altitudes of the area. The predominant vegetation is dense tree-shrubby, with some segments of open shrubby caatinga, riparian forests of a temporary river, rupiculous and aquatic vegetation. In the area where the farm is located there are many antrophic activities such as cattle and goat raising and their subsistence farming. Such activities do not expand to the mountainous areas, being limited to the surroundings of mountains or close to houses.

Figure 2.
General aspects of the Aba mountains, Passagem, Paraíba State, Brazil.

Data collection - Floristic sampling was carried out from 2014 to 2017, period in which the botanical collections were carried out through exploratory and random walks in the study area, seeking to cover the larger possible area and all phytophysiognomies present. Fertile specimens were collected using the technique and method by preparing the botanical material according to parameters of usual taxonomy (Judd et al. 2009Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. & Donoghue, M.J. 2009. Sistemática Vegetal: Um Enfoque Filogenético. 3ª Edição. Artmed., IBGE 2012IBGE. 2012. Manual Técnico da Vegetação Brasileira. Manuais técnicos em Geociências. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro.). Important features and information for the identification of the taxa were recorded in a field book, in addition to the photographic record, geographic coordinates, landscape and soil characterization.

The collected material was incorporated to HCSTR collection, acronym according to Thiers 2022Thiers, B. 2022. [continuously updated]. Index Herbariorum: A global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York, New York Botanical Garden's Virtual Herbarium. Available in http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/ (access on 10-III-2022)
http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/... , which is constantly updated. The specimens were identified with the help of specialized literature and examinations by specialists. The floristic list was ordered alphabetically by family and species and the circumscription of botanical families followed the proposal of "Angiosperm Phylogeny Group" (APG IV 2016APG IV. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1-20.). In order to check the writing of scientific names, the electronic databases of Flora do BrasilFlora do Brasil. 2020. Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Available in http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ (access on 19-V-2019).
http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/ ... (BFG 2021IBGE. 2019. Instituto Brasileiro Geografia e Estatística. Available in https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-cidade-e-estado.html?t=destaques&c=2510709 (access on 09-I-2019).
https://www.ibge.gov.br/informacoes-por-... ) and TropicosTropicos. 2019. Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Available in http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1800346 (access on 15/XII/2019)
http://www.tropicos.org/Name/1800346... (http://www.tropicos.org) were consulted.

Results and Discussion

Three hundred and twenty-two species and 194 genera distributed in 62 botanical families were identified. Two families of Pteridophytes were found, with the predominant species being Selaginella convoluta (Arn.) Spring occurring in all phytophysiognomies of the farm, mainly in the riparian forest. Angiosperms were the group which prevailed in the study area, with 60 families registered, two of them being basal Angiosperms (Annonaceae and Aristolochiaceae) represented by the species Annona leptopetala (R.E.Fr.) H.Rainer and Aristolochia birostris Duch.

Eudicotyledons were predominant in the angiosperms group with 47 families, with Fabaceae (48 spp.), Euphorbiaceae (23 spp.), Convolvulaceae (21 spp.), Malvaceae (19 spp.) and Asteraceae (15 spp.) being the most representative ones. As for Monocotyledons, 11 families were registered, being represented maily by Poaceae (nine spp.), Bromeliaceae (six spp.), Commelinaceae (six spp.) and Cyperaceae (five spp.) which frequentely occurred in the study area.

Among the genera, the most represented were: Ipomoea L. with nine species and Euphorbia L., Oxalis L. and Tillandsia L. with five species each. Among life forms, the herbaceous was the predominant one (108 spp.), followed by trees (59 spp.), subshrubs (56 spp.), shrubs (46 spp.), lianas (46 spp.), epiphytes and parasitic forms (four spp.). All species are listed in Table 1.

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Table 1.
List of families and species of the ABA Farm, Passagem, Paraíba State, Brazil. * New records of Paraiba State; ** New records for the Caatinga (Figures 3 e 4).

Figure 3.
a. Mesosphaerum caatingense Harley & J.F.B.Pastore. b. Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Spreng. c. Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. d. Tanaecium dichotomum (Jacq.) Kaehler & L.G.Lohmann. e. Xiquexique gounellei (F.A.C.Weber) Lavor & Calvente. f. Erythrina velutina Willd. g. Mollugo verticillata L. h. Cardiospermum corindum L.

Figure 4.
a. Harpochilus paraibanus F.K.S.Monteiro, J.I.M Melo & E.M.P.Fernando. b. Distimake aegyptius (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples. c. Allamanda blanchetii A.DC. d. Chamaecrista duckeana (P.Bezerra & Afr.Fern.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby. e. Eclipta próstata (L.) L. f. Commiphora leptophloeos (Mart.) J.B.Gillett. g. Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis. h. Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos.

Thirty-eight new species ocurrences were recorded for the Paraíba State (see * in table 1), one of these being new occurrences of genera: Eriope Kunth ex Benth. Three new occurrences for the Caatinga domain were also record: Helicteres andersonii Cristóbal (Malvaceae), Niedenzuella multiglandulosa (A. Juss.) WR Anderson (Malpighiaceae) and Oxalis latifolia Kunth (Oxalidaceae); and two new species described by (Monteiro et al 2018Monteiro, F.K.S., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. & Melo, J.I.M. 2018. A new species of northeastern Brazilian endemic genus Harpochilus (Acanthaceae). Phytotaxa, 358: 289-294.) and (Harley et al 2019Harley, R.M., Pastore, J.F.B., Soares, A.S., Fernando, E.M.P. & Mota, M. 2019. Mesosphaerum caatingense (Lamiaceae), a new species from the semi-arid Caatinga region of Northeast Brazil. Kew Bulletin 74: 12.) were recorded: Harpochilus paraibanus F.K.S. Monteiro, J.I.M Melo & E.M.P. Fernando and Mesosphaerum caatingense Harley & J.F.B. Pastore.

Eriope Bonpl. ex Benth. constitutes a new occurrence of the genus for the Paraíba State by the species Eriope macrostachya Mart. ex Benth. It is a shrub from the Lamiaceae family, which was found flowering between April and July and fruiting in August, at 810m heigh, the highest point of ABA farm. The species Niedenzuella multiglandulosa (A.Juss.) W.R. Anderson represents a new record for the Caatinga domain. It is a vine with yellow flowers and its populations were found in the riparian woods of the farm.

Two new species were described at the ABA Farm by Monteiro et al. (2018Monteiro, F.K.S., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. & Melo, J.I.M. 2018. A new species of northeastern Brazilian endemic genus Harpochilus (Acanthaceae). Phytotaxa, 358: 289-294.) and Harley et al. (2019Harley, R.M., Pastore, J.F.B., Soares, A.S., Fernando, E.M.P. & Mota, M. 2019. Mesosphaerum caatingense (Lamiaceae), a new species from the semi-arid Caatinga region of Northeast Brazil. Kew Bulletin 74: 12.); one of them from the Acanthaceae family, genus Harpochilus Nees, which is shrub species with a cream yellow inflorescence (Harpochilus paraibanus FKS Monteiro, JIM Melo & EMP Fernando), described for the Paraíba semiarid (Monteiro et al. 2018Monteiro, F.K.S., Fernando, E.M.P., Lucena, M.F.A. & Melo, J.I.M. 2018. A new species of northeastern Brazilian endemic genus Harpochilus (Acanthaceae). Phytotaxa, 358: 289-294.). The second species found was from the Lamiaceae family, genus Mesosphaerum P. Browne, a subshrub described for the Caatinga, with distribution in the States of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, Mesosphaerum caatingense Harley & J.F.B. Pastore (Harley et al. 2019Harley, R.M., Pastore, J.F.B., Soares, A.S., Fernando, E.M.P. & Mota, M. 2019. Mesosphaerum caatingense (Lamiaceae), a new species from the semi-arid Caatinga region of Northeast Brazil. Kew Bulletin 74: 12.).

The farm's riparian forest has a rich vegetation, with the most frequent species being Microdesmia rigida (Benth.) Sothers & Prance (Oiticica), Erythrina velutina Willd. (Mulungu), Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook.f. ex S.Moore (Craibeira), Lonchocarpus sericeus (Poir.) Kunth ex DC. (Ingazeira) and Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong. (Leiteiro). Less frequently, the species Sebastiana riparia Schrad can be found near the water streams.

Some floristic studies were carried out in Caatinga areas in the interior of Paraíba (Santos et al. 2010Sousa, A.C.J. & Melo, J.I.M. 2010. Flora vascular de uma área de caatinga no estado da Paraíba - Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Caatinga 23: 32-40., Lucena et al. 2015Lucena, D.S., Lucena, M.F.A., Sousa, J.M., Silva, R.F.L., Souza, P.F. 2015. Flora vascular de um inselbergue na mesorregião do sertão paraibano, nordeste do Brasil. Scientia Plena, v. 11, ed. 1., Silva et al. 2015Silva, F.G., Silva, R.H., Araújo, R.M., Lucena, M.F.A., Sousa, J.M. 2015. Levantamento florístico de um trecho de mata ciliar na mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano. Revista Brasileira de Biociência 13: 250-258., Gadelha-Neto et al. 2018Gadelha-Neto, P.C., Costa, R.M.T., Barbosa, M.R.V. 2018. Vegetação e Flora da Serra de Santa Catarina. In: Helder Farias Pereira de Araujo, Arnaldo Honorato Vieira-Filho (eds.). Biodiversidade na Serra de Santa Catarina - PB: uma proposta de criação do Parque Estadual Serra das Águas Sertanejas. Editora UFPB, João Pessoa, pp. 43-78.), which in terms of vegetation have a similarity of species with this study. As in previous studies, the most representative family in species number in the ABA Farm is Fabaceae, which reaffirms it as one of the most abundant plant families in the Caatinga.

There is a potential for preservation in the study area due to its rates of endemism, with 94 species for Brazil, with the species Trianthema portulacastrum L., Ruellia bahiensis (Nees) Morong e Harpochilus paraibanus F.K.S. Monteiro, J.I.M. Melo & E.M.P. Fernando corresponding to species exclusive to the Caatinga area (BFG 2021Fernando, E.M.P., Costa, S.L., Campos, K.G., Mamede, M.L., Lohmann, L.G. & Lucena, M.F.A. 2021. Flora of Fazenda ABA, Paraíba, Brazil: Bignoniaceae. Rodriguésia 72: e01632020).

Furthermore, in this floristic survey, herbs are the predominant habit (108 spp.), which differs from other plant surveys (Silva et al. 2015Silva, F.G., Silva, R.H., Araújo, R.M., Lucena, M.F.A., Sousa, J.M. 2015. Levantamento florístico de um trecho de mata ciliar na mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano. Revista Brasileira de Biociência 13: 250-258., Gadelha-Neto et al. 2018Gadelha-Neto, P.C., Costa, R.M.T., Barbosa, M.R.V. 2018. Vegetação e Flora da Serra de Santa Catarina. In: Helder Farias Pereira de Araujo, Arnaldo Honorato Vieira-Filho (eds.). Biodiversidade na Serra de Santa Catarina - PB: uma proposta de criação do Parque Estadual Serra das Águas Sertanejas. Editora UFPB, João Pessoa, pp. 43-78.) that have woody plants as the predominant habit. Several factors may indicate why this habit prevailed: the environment may be favorable, which favors the number of species or it may be due to the scarcity of collections focused on the herbaceous stratum in other studies with similar environments.

Conclusions

ABA farm is highly preserved area, with exotic species found only in the vicinity of the residences. It has a high expressiveness in species richness (322 species), besides presenting 38 new records. The area is classified by the MMA (Ministry of the Environment) as an Caatinga area prone to desertification, which makes it an area of high importance for conservation. The data from this research will support the implementation of an RPPN (Particular Reserve from the Natural Property) on the farm and its management plan.

Acknowledgement

To the landowner Magno Martins, for welcoming and contributing so much for the accomplishment of this research. The sectorial city hall of Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, for assistance in field trips. To professors Stephenson Abrantes and Erich Mariano and their research groups, for contributing so much for our success in the field. To all my graduation colleagues who helped me with field collections. To the Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural, CSTR Rita Baltazar Herbarium at the Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus Patos, Paraíba State.

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  • 1.
    Parte do Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso do primeiro Autor

Publication Dates

  • Publication in this collection
    07 Nov 2022
  • Date of issue
    2022

History

  • Received
    14 Sept 2021
  • Accepted
    11 May 2022
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