Utilização de microalgas na biorremediação de águas eutrofizadas por efluente doméstico em um lago urbano na Amazônia

CASTRO-MENDES, Raize; NASCIMENTO, Renan G.; BANDEIRA, Maiby G. S.; PRIMEIRO, Luis J. O. G.; ARZÁBE, Alexander F.; SANTOS-SILVA, Edinaldo N. dos

Brasil

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Environmental Sciences | Original Article • Acta Amaz. 54 (3) • Jul-Sep 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392202303621 copiar

Utilização de microalgas na biorremediação de águas eutrofizadas por efluente doméstico em um lago urbano na Amazônia

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

RESUMO

O descarte de efluentes domésticos sem tratamento adequado pode elevar os níveis de nitrogênio e fósforo em corpos hídricos naturais. A biorremediação com o uso de microalgas é uma solução para o tratamento de efluentes antes do descarte. Nós testamos o efeito de Scenedesmus acuminatus, Chlorella vulgaris e Planktothrix isothrix e o efeito da diluição da água sobre a concentração de nutrientes da água eutrofizada por efluente doméstico de um lago urbano na Amazônia brasileira. Inoculamos as três espécies em monocultura em água não diluída (PW0) e diluída a 50% (PW50) e 90% (PW90). O experimento durou 10 dias e a cada 24 horas retiramos um recipiente de cada tratamento para análise de nutrientes. As três espécies foram igualmente eficientes na remoção de amônia em PW0. A eficiência de remoção de nitrato foi mais alta com C. vulgaris em PW0, e mais alta com C. vulgaris e P. isothrix em PW50 e PW90. A eficiência de remoção de ortofosfato foi mais alta com S. acuminatus e C. vulgaris em PW0, igualmente eficiente para as três espécies em PW50, e mais alta com C. vulgaris e P. isothrix em PW90. Concluímos que as três espécies de microalgas testadas são eficientes na remoção da amônia. Scenedesmus acuminatus não foi ideal para a remoção de nitrato. Planktothrix isothrix foi eficiente na remoção de nutrientes quando a água residual doméstica é diluída. Chlorella vulgaris foi eficiente na remoção de nutrientes de águas residuais domésticas, estando diluída ou não.

PALAVRAS-CHAVE:
cianobactéria; clorofíceas; fitoplâncton; remoção de nutrientes; tratamento de águas residuais

Dilution level	Filtered pond water (mL)	Distilled water (mL)	Inoculant concentrate (mL)
Scenedesmus acuminatus
PW0	873	0	27
PW50	436.5	436.5	27
PW90	87.3	785.7	27
Chlorella vulgaris
PW0	800	0	100
PW50	400	400	100
PW90	80	720	100
Planktothrix isothrix
PW0	821	0	79
PW50	410.5	410.5	79
PW90	82.1	738.9	79
Control
PW0	900	0	0
PW50	450	450	0
PW90	90	810	0

Wastewater	Nutrient	RE (%)
Wastewater	Nutrient	S. acuminatus	C. vulgaris	P. isothrix
PW0	NH₄ ⁺ - N	100	100	78.6
	NO₃ ^- - N	0	100	0
	PO₄ ^3- - P	100	100	12.9
PW50	NH₄ ⁺ - N	0	90	69.4
	NO₃ ^- - N	18	98.7	93.3
	PO₄ ^3- - P	100	99.3	82.4
PW90	NH₄ ⁺ - N	0	63.5	43
	NO₃ ^- - N	0	91.4	98.4
	PO₄ ^3- - P	0	100	100

Treatment	Pillai’s trace	F	DF	P value
PW0 (SA, CV, PI)	0.606	3.37	9.120	<0.001
PW50 (SA, CV, PI)	0.949	6.17	9.120	<0.001
PW90 (SA, CV, PI)	0.855	5.32	9.120	<0.001

Treatment	Nutrient	Sum of squares	DF	Mean of squares	F	P	Post hoc Tukey test
PW0 (SA, CV, PI)	Ammonia	27.084	3	9.0281	5.57	0.003	CV < (SA = PI = CT)
	Nitrate	0.169	3	0.0562	2.00	0.130
	Orthophosphate	2.595	3	0.8651	5.18	0.004	CV < (SA = PI= CT)
Residuals	Ammonia	64.884	40	1.6221
	Nitrate	1.126	40	0.0282
	Orthophosphate	6.679	40	0.1670
PW50 (SA, CV, PI)	Ammonia	169.6273	3	56.54244	51.13	<0.001	SA > PI = (CV = CT)
	Nitrate	0.0232	3	0.00775	1.31	0.284
	Orthophosphate	1.4328	3	0.47759	5.50	0.003	(SA = CT) > (CV = PI)
Residuals	Ammonia	44.2334	40	1.10584
	Nitrate	0.2364	40	0.00591
	Orthophosphate	3.4714	40	0.08678
PW90 (SA, CV, PI)	Ammonia	152.95173	3	50.98391	37.64	<0.001	SA > (CV = PI = CT)
	Nitrate	0.00430	3	0.00143	1.08	0.369
	Orthophosphate	7.35891	3	2.45297	55.20	<0.001	SA > (CV = PI= CT)
Residuals	Ammonia	54.18537	40	1.35463
	Nitrate	0.05319	40	0.00133
	Orthophosphate	1.77763	40	0.04444

Nutrient	Removal efficiency (%)				Period (days)	Wastewater type	Reference
Nutrient	Scenedesmus sp.	Chlorella sp.	Scenedesmus acuminatus	Chlorella vulgaris	Period (days)	Wastewater type	Reference
NH₄ ⁺	na	n.a	100	63.5 - 100	10	Domestic	This study
	na	82.4	na	na	10	Domestic	Wang et al. (2009Wang, L.; Min, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, P.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ruan, R. 2009. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162: 1174-1186. )
	na	44.4 - 45.1	na	na	12	Industrial	Lim et al. (2010Lim, S.-L.; Chu, W.-L.; Phang, S.-M. 2010. Use of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediation of textile wastewater. Biresource Technology 101: 7314-7322. )
	na	98	na	na	24	Municipal	Li et al. (2013Li, C.; Yang, H.; Li, Y.; Cheng, L.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, L.; Wang, W. 2013. Novel bioconversions of municipal effluent and CO2 into protein riched Chlorella vulgaris biomass. Bioresource Technology 132: 171-177. )
	na	100	na	na	10	Municipal	Ebrahimian et al. (2014Ebrahimian, A.; Kariminia, H.R.; Vosoughi, M. 2014. Lipid production in mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a mixture of primary and secondary municipal wastewater. Renewable Energy 71: 502-508. )
	98	92.3	na	na	20	Domestic	Guerrero-Cabrera et al. (2014Guerrero-Cabrera, L.; Rueda, J.A.; García-Lozano, H.; Navarro, A.K. 2014. Cultivation of Monoraphidium sp., Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. algae in batch culture using Nile tilapia effluent. Bioresource Technology 161: 455-460. )
	95	na	na	na	16	Domestic	Wong et al. (2015Wong, Y.K.; Yung, K.K.L.; Tsang, Y.F.; Xia, Y.; Wang, L.; Ho, K.C. 2015. Scenedesmus quadricauda for nutrient removal and lipid production in wastewater. Water Environment Research 87: 2037-2044. doi.org/10.2175/106143015x14362865227193 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015x143628... )
	70-98	na	na	na	7	Domestic	Nayak et al. (2016Nayak, M.; Karemore, A.; Sen, R. 2016. Performance evaluation of microalgae for concomitant wastewater bioremediation, CO2 biofixation and lipid biosynthesis for biodiesel application. Algal Research 16: 216-223.)
	85.6	na	na	na	25	Tannery	Da Fontoura et al. (2017Da Fontoura, J.T.; Rolim, G.S.; Farenzena, M.; Gutterres, M. 2017. Influence of light intensity and tannery wastewater concentration on biomass production and nutrient removal by microalgae Scenedesmus sp. Process Safety and Environmental Protection 111: 355-362. )
	>97	na	na	na	16	Domestic	Oliveira et al. (2018Oliveira, G.A.; Carissimi, E.; Monje-Ramírez, I.; Velasquez-Orta, S.B.; Rodrigues, R.T.; Ledesma, M.T.O. 2018. Comparison between coagulation-flocculation and ozone-flotation for Scenedesmus microalgal biomolecule recovery and nutrient removal from wastewater in a high-rate algal pond. Bioresource Technology 259: 334-342. )
	81.9	na	na	na	14	Municipal	Ansari et al. (2019Ansari, F.A.; Ravindran, B.; Gupta, S. K.; Nasr, M.; Rawat, I.; Bux, F. 2019. Techno-economic estimation of wastewater phycoremediation and environmental benefits using Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae. Journal of Environmental Management 240: 293-302. )
	na	93.6	na	na	10	Aquaculture	Hesni et al. (2020Hesni, M.A.; Hedayati, A.; Qadermarzi, A.; Pouladi, M.; Zangiabadi, S.; Naqshbandi, N. 2020. Using Chlorella vulgaris and iron oxide nanoparticles in a designed bioreactor for aquaculture effluents purification. Aquacultural Engineering 90: 102069. )
	93.1	na	na	na	10	Domestic	Wang et al. (2022Wang, Q.; Wang, X.; Hong, Y.; Liu, X.; Zhao, G.; Zhang, H.; Zhai, Q. 2022. Microalgae cultivation in domestic wastewater for wastewater treatment and high value-added production: Species selection and comparison. Biochemical Engineering Journal 185: 1-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2022.108493 https://doi.org/doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.20... )
	na	>50	na	na	10	Textile	Wu et al. (2020Wu, J.Y.; Lay, C.H.; Chiong, M.C.; Chew, K.W.; Chen, C.C.; Wu, S.Y.; et al. 2020. Immobilized Chlorella species mixotrophic cultivation at various textile wastewater concentrations. Journal of Water Process Engineering 38: 101609. )
	30	na	na	na	14	Domestic	Thangam et al. (2021Thangam, K.R.; Santhiya, A.; Sri, S.R.A.; MubarakAli, D.; Karthikumar, S.; Kumar, R.S.; et al. 2021. Bio-refinery approaches based concomitant microalgal biofuel production and wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment 785: 147267. )
	71.8	na	na	na	10	Swine	Zhao et al. (2022Zhao, G.; Wang, X.; Hong, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, Q.; Zhai, Q.; Zhang, H. 2022. Attached cultivation of microalgae on rational carriers for swine wastewater treatment and biomass harvesting. Bioresource Technology 351: 127014. )
NO₃ ^-	na	na	18	91.4 - 100	10	Domestic	This Study
	na	62.5	na	na	10	Domestic	Wang et al. (2009Wang, L.; Min, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, P.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ruan, R. 2009. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162: 1174-1186. )
	na	82	na	na	10	Municipal	Ebrahimian et al. (2014Ebrahimian, A.; Kariminia, H.R.; Vosoughi, M. 2014. Lipid production in mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris in a mixture of primary and secondary municipal wastewater. Renewable Energy 71: 502-508. )
	70-98	na	na	na	7	Domestic	Nayak et al. (2016Nayak, M.; Karemore, A.; Sen, R. 2016. Performance evaluation of microalgae for concomitant wastewater bioremediation, CO2 biofixation and lipid biosynthesis for biodiesel application. Algal Research 16: 216-223.)
	65	na	na	na	10	Industrial	Usha et al. (2016Usha, M.T.; Sarat Chandra, T.; Sarada, R.; Chauhan, V.S. 2016. Removal of nutrients and organic pollution load from pulp and paper mill effluent by microalgae in outdoor open pond. Bioresource Technology 214: 856-860. )
	100	na	na	na	14	Municipal	Ansari et al. (2019Ansari, F.A.; Ravindran, B.; Gupta, S. K.; Nasr, M.; Rawat, I.; Bux, F. 2019. Techno-economic estimation of wastewater phycoremediation and environmental benefits using Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae. Journal of Environmental Management 240: 293-302. )
	na	92.2	na	na	10	Aquaculture	Hesni et al. (2020Hesni, M.A.; Hedayati, A.; Qadermarzi, A.; Pouladi, M.; Zangiabadi, S.; Naqshbandi, N. 2020. Using Chlorella vulgaris and iron oxide nanoparticles in a designed bioreactor for aquaculture effluents purification. Aquacultural Engineering 90: 102069. )
	71.2	na	na	na	14	Domestic	Thangam et al. (2021Thangam, K.R.; Santhiya, A.; Sri, S.R.A.; MubarakAli, D.; Karthikumar, S.; Kumar, R.S.; et al. 2021. Bio-refinery approaches based concomitant microalgal biofuel production and wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment 785: 147267. )
	na	93	na	na	13	Municipal	Pooja et al. (2022Pooja, K.; Priyanka, V.; Rao, B.C.S.; Raghavender, V. 2022. Cost-effective treatment of sewage wastewater using microalgae Chlorella vulgaris and its application as bio-fertilizer. Energy Nexus 7: 100-122. )
PO₄ ^3-	na	na	100	99.3 - 100	10	Domestic	This Study
	na	90.6	na	na	10	Domestic	Wang et al. (2009Wang, L.; Min, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, P.; Chen, Y.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Ruan, R. 2009. Cultivation of green algae Chlorella sp. in different wastewaters from municipal wastewater treatment plant. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 162: 1174-1186. )
	na	33.1 - 33.3	na	na	12	Industrial	Lim et al. (2010Lim, S.-L.; Chu, W.-L.; Phang, S.-M. 2010. Use of Chlorella vulgaris for bioremediation of textile wastewater. Biresource Technology 101: 7314-7322. )
	90	80	na	na	20	Domestic	Guerrero-Cabrera et al. (2014Guerrero-Cabrera, L.; Rueda, J.A.; García-Lozano, H.; Navarro, A.K. 2014. Cultivation of Monoraphidium sp., Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus sp. algae in batch culture using Nile tilapia effluent. Bioresource Technology 161: 455-460. )
	90	na	na	na	16	Domestic	Wong et al. (2015Wong, Y.K.; Yung, K.K.L.; Tsang, Y.F.; Xia, Y.; Wang, L.; Ho, K.C. 2015. Scenedesmus quadricauda for nutrient removal and lipid production in wastewater. Water Environment Research 87: 2037-2044. doi.org/10.2175/106143015x14362865227193 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015x143628... )
	70-98	na	na	na	7	Domestic	Nayak et al. (2016Nayak, M.; Karemore, A.; Sen, R. 2016. Performance evaluation of microalgae for concomitant wastewater bioremediation, CO2 biofixation and lipid biosynthesis for biodiesel application. Algal Research 16: 216-223.)
	71.2	na	na	na	10	Industrial	Usha et al. (2016Usha, M.T.; Sarat Chandra, T.; Sarada, R.; Chauhan, V.S. 2016. Removal of nutrients and organic pollution load from pulp and paper mill effluent by microalgae in outdoor open pond. Bioresource Technology 214: 856-860. )
	na	>99	na	na	10	Municipal	Ge et al. (2018Ge, S.; Qiu, S.; Tremblay, D.; Viner, K.; Champagne, P.; Jessop, P.G. 2018. Centrate wastewater treatment with Chlorella vulgaris: Simultaneous enhancement of nutrient removal, biomass and lipid production. Chemical Engineering Journal 342: 310-320. )
	>97	na	na	na	16	Domestic	Oliveira et al. (2018Oliveira, G.A.; Carissimi, E.; Monje-Ramírez, I.; Velasquez-Orta, S.B.; Rodrigues, R.T.; Ledesma, M.T.O. 2018. Comparison between coagulation-flocculation and ozone-flotation for Scenedesmus microalgal biomolecule recovery and nutrient removal from wastewater in a high-rate algal pond. Bioresource Technology 259: 334-342. )
	4.7	na	na	na	14	Municipal	Ansari et al. (2019Ansari, F.A.; Ravindran, B.; Gupta, S. K.; Nasr, M.; Rawat, I.; Bux, F. 2019. Techno-economic estimation of wastewater phycoremediation and environmental benefits using Scenedesmus obliquus microalgae. Journal of Environmental Management 240: 293-302. )
	na	89.2	na	na	10	Aquaculture	Hesni et al. (2020Hesni, M.A.; Hedayati, A.; Qadermarzi, A.; Pouladi, M.; Zangiabadi, S.; Naqshbandi, N. 2020. Using Chlorella vulgaris and iron oxide nanoparticles in a designed bioreactor for aquaculture effluents purification. Aquacultural Engineering 90: 102069. )
	89.6	na	na	na	14	Domestic	Thangam et al. (2021Thangam, K.R.; Santhiya, A.; Sri, S.R.A.; MubarakAli, D.; Karthikumar, S.; Kumar, R.S.; et al. 2021. Bio-refinery approaches based concomitant microalgal biofuel production and wastewater treatment. Science of the Total Environment 785: 147267. )

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[1] *Corresponding author: raize.mendes@gmail.com