Low fertilization optimizes the water use efficiency of an Amazonian <i>canga</i> grass for mineland rehabilitation

BOANARES, Daniela; SILVA, Breno Ricardo Serrão da; GASTAUER, Markus; RAMOS, Silvio Junio; CALDEIRA, Cecilio Frois

doi:10.1590/1809-4392202202351

Daniela BOANARES

Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Breno Ricardo Serrão da SILVA

Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Markus GASTAUER

Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Silvio Junio RAMOS

Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil

Cecilio Frois CALDEIRA ^**Corresponding author: cecilio.caldeira@itv.org

Instituto Tecnológico Vale, Rua Boaventura da Silva 955, 66055-090, Belém, Pará, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4762-3515

*Corresponding author: cecilio.caldeira@itv.org

ASSOCIATE EDITOR:

Antonio R. Fernandes

Figures (3)
Tables (4)

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Figure 1
Paspalum cinerascens seedling growth response to fertilization in mining waste substrate. MW100% = mining waste substrate with the full fertilization regime used on site for revegetation; MW50% = mining waste substrate with 50% standard fertilization regime. Columns represent the mean of eight repetitions and the error bars the 95% confidence intervals. Bars carrying the same letters indicate no significant pairwise difference between the treatments and control according to a contrast test.

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Figure 2
Gas exchange parameters of Paspalum cinerascens seedlings cultivated in mining waste substrates. MW100% = mining waste substrate with the full fertilization regime used on site for revegetation; MW50% = mining waste substrate with 50% standard fertilization regime. A - carbon assimilation rate (A); B - stomatal conductance (gs); C - transpiration rate (E); D - ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ (Ci Ca^-1); E - carboxylation efficiency (A Ci^-1); F - intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). Columns represent the mean of eight repetitions and the error bars the 95% confidence intervals. Bars carrying the same letters indicate no significant pairwise differences between the treatments and control according to a contrast test.

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Figure S1
Mean circadian cycle of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit during the 90 days of the growth experiment of Paspalum cinerascens in canga topsoil and mining waste substrate. Error bars represent the standard deviation.

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Table 1
Nutrient contents in the leaves of Paspalum cinerascens grown on canga topsoil (control) and mining waste substrate receiving the complete (MW100%) or half (MW50%) of the standard revegetation fertilization. Values are the mean of eight replicates ± standard deviation. Different letters within columns indicate significant pairwise differences according to a contrast test.

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Table 2
The nutrients use efficiency of Paspalum cinerascens grown on canga topsoil (control) and mining waste substrate receiving the complete (MW100%) or half (MW50%) of the standard revegetation fertilization. Values are the mean of eight replicates ± standard deviation. Different letters within columns indicate significant pairwise differences according to a contrast test.

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Table 3
The leaf anatomical traits of Paspalum cinerascens grown on canga topsoil (control) and mining waste substrate receiving the complete (MW100%) or half (MW50%) of the standard revegetation fertilization. Values are the mean of eight replicates ± standard deviation. Different letters within columns indicate significant pairwise differences according to a contrast test.

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Table S1
Nutritional and physical characterization of canga topsoil and mining waste substrate used in the growth experiment of Paspalum cinerascens.

Substrate	N g kg^-1	P g kg^-1	K g kg^-1	Ca g kg^-1	Mg g kg^-1	S g kg^-1	B mg kg^-1	Cu mg kg^-1	Fe mg kg^-1	Mn mg kg^-1	Zn mg kg^-1
Control	4.91 ± 4.1b	0.36 ± 0.0b	7.6 ± 1.6b	3.3 ± 0.3a	3.0 ± 0.9b	1.6 ± 0.3b	23.5 ± 1.7a	4.2 ± 0.64a	1441 ± 378a	1053.7 ± 206a	39.2 ± 9.3a
MW50%	11.01 ± 1.8a	0.37 ± 0.1b	20.1 ± 1.4a	2.2 ± 0.3b	5.5 ± 1.0a	4.4 ± 0.8a	18.3 ± 7.6a	5.7 ± 0.95a	1382 ± 686b	194.1 ± 11.2b	35.1 ± 1.9a
MW100%	13.02 ± 1.0a	0.89 ± 0.0a	22.1 ± 2.6a	2.3 ± 0.8b	5.3 ± 1.6a	4.7 ± 1.5a	20.7 ± 6.0a	5.2 ± 1.83a	799 ± 294c	186.5 ± 17.9b	37.5 ± 4.8a

Substrate	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S	B	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Substrate	mg² g^-1
canga	0.19±0.05a	3.20±0.40b	0.16±0.03a	0.30±0.01b	0.41±0.11a	0.75±0.17a	0.0±0.00a	0.28±0.03a	0.001±0.00a	0.001±0.00c	0.03±0.00a
MW50%	0.26±0.06a	8.37±2.60a	0.14±0.05a	1.40±0.70b	0.56±0.30a	0.70±0.38a	0.19±0.14a	0.52±0.18a	0.002±0.00a	0.014±0.00b	0.08±0.02a
MW100%	0.31±0.21a	4.42±2.60b	0.19±0.12a	2.30±2.20a	0.93±0.86a	1.08±1.03a	0.22±0.20a	0.94±0.77a	0.005±0.00a	0.021±0.13a	0.11±0.07a

Substrate	AdaxEpi (µm)	AbaxEpi (µm)	BC (µm)	Mesophyll (µm)	Midrib (µm)	Metaxylem (µm)	PDS (µm)	EDS (µm)	SD (stomata per mm²)
canga	11.3 ± 1.3 a	11.0 ± 1.5 a	60.0 ± 15.0 a	43.0 ± 9.0 a	488 ± 93 b	28.1 ± 5.0 a	27.3 ± 7.0 a	14.2 ± 4.0 a	238 ± 110 c
MW50%	10.0 ± 1.3 a	11.4 ± 1.3 a	63.6 ± 10.0 a	51.1 ± 8.8 a	580 ± 62 a	26.4 ± 6.7 a	23.3 ± 4.1 a	15.4 ± 2.5 a	523 ± 180 a
MW100%	9.7 ± 1.5 a	10.4 ± 1.7 a	59.5 ± 4.6 a	45.5 ± 2.8 a	596 ± 30 a	24.3 ± 2.4 a	29.8 ± 8.5 a	17.2 ± 2.3 a	421 ± 158 b

Parameter	Measure unit	Canga	Mining waste
pH		5.10	5.10
OC	%	2.60	0.40
N	%	0.00	0.00
P	mg dm^-3	10.30	14.80
K	mg dm^-3	52.90	8.10
S	mg dm^-3	28.90	92.50
B	mg dm^-3	0.06	0.20
Zn	mg dm^-3	1.50	1.70
Fe	mg dm^-3	185.00	76.20
Mn	mg dm^-3	127.00	5.50
Cu	mg dm^-3	0.10	0.40
Ca	cmolc dm^-3	1.00	0.20
Mg	cmolc dm^-3	0.60	0.10
Al	cmolc dm^-3	0.10	0.01
Sand	%	39.00	39.30
Clay	%	31.00	16.70
Silt	%	30.00	44.00

[1] *Corresponding author: cecilio.caldeira@itv.org

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Low fertilization optimizes the water use efficiency of an Amazonian canga grass for mineland rehabilitation

ABSTRACT