Valorization of <i>Carapa guianensis</i> Aubl. seeds treated by compressed <i>n</i>-propane

RASPE, DJÉSSICA; SILVA, INALDO DA; SILVA, EDSON DA; SALDAÑA, MARLENY; SILVA, CAMILA DA; CARDOZO-FILHO, LÚCIO

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202420230435

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CHEMICAL SCIENCES • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 96 (3) • 2024 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202420230435 copy

Valorization of Carapa guianensis Aubl. seeds treated by compressed n-propane

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Abstract

This study evaluated the oil content obtained from andiroba seeds by pressurized n-propane at different conditions of temperature (25, 35, and 45 °C) and pressure (40, 60, and 80 bar), and conventional extraction technique using n-hexane as the solvent. Kinetic extraction curves were fitted using Sovová’s mathematical model. The chemical characterization of the oil was reported as well as the protein content in the extraction by-product. Pressurized extractions conducted at 25 °C provided the highest oil recovery (~45 wt%) from the seeds. The increase in pressure at 25 ºC favored obtaining oil with higher Stigmasterol contents, however, the Squalene content was higher in the oil obtained at 40 bar. The oils with the highest concentration phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were obtained at 80 bar. Extraction with n-propane provided oils with higher levels of phenolic compounds, however, with antioxidant activity similar to conventional extraction. For all evaluated extractions, the product showed a predominance of oleic and palmitic acids, with similar values of oxidative stability. The extraction of the by-product with the highest soluble protein content was obtained under mild processing conditions (25 °C and 40 bar) with n-propane.

Key words
Andiroba seed; oleic acid; palmitic acid; squalene

Run	Conditions	ρ (kg·m^-3)	S_b(g oil·g^-1 solvent)	Oil yield (wt%)	Recovery (%)
	T (°C)	P (bar)
1	25	40	0.50113	0.362	45.14	72.58
2	25	80	0.51076	0.322	44.50	71.55
3	45	40	0.46933	0.238	32.82	52.77
4	45	80	0.48301	0.248	33.41	53.72
5-7¹	35	60	0.49188	0.260	34.90 ± 1.30	56.11 ± 2.10
Soxhlet¹	69	1	nd	nd	62.19 ± 0.50	100

	Effect	Standard Error	p*
Intercept	37.22	0.493	<0.001
Temperature (T)	-11.70	1.306	0.012
Pressure (P)	-0.025	1.306	0.986
T × P	0.615	1.306	0.684

T (ºC)	P (bar)	Z	W	r	t_CER(min)	t_FER(min)	K_ya(min^-1)	K_sa(min^-1)	R²
25	40	9.13	1.706	0.397	1.756	24.950	0.318	0.0321	0.9974
25	80	87.58	1.318	0.397	0.193	24.139	3.198	0.0265	0.9974
45	40	15.33	0.108	0.397	1.389	24.208	0.653	0.0023	0.9995
45	80	39.61	0.122	0.397	0.528	23.062	1.602	0.0026	0.9976
35	60	21.27	0.187	0.397	0.925	22.785	0.856	0.0040	0.9966

Property		Experimental conditions					Soxhlet
Property		25 °C and 40 bar	25 °C and 80 bar	45 °C and 40 bar	45 °C and 80 bar	35 °C and 60 bar	Soxhlet
Fatty acid (%)¹	Myristic	0.08 ± 0.009^a	0.08 ± <0.01^b	0.08 ± <0.01^ab	0.07 ± <0.01^ab	0.06 ± <0.01^ab	0.06 ± <0.01^a
	Palmitic	29.04 ± 0.090^a	30.07 ± 0.07^b	28.88 ± 0.03^a	28.45 ± 0.05^c	28.19 ± 0.03^c	31.00 ± 0.17^d
	Palmitoleic	0.99 ± 0.003^a	0.95 ± <0.01^a	0.93 ± <0.01^a	0.94 ± 0.01^a	0.95 ± 0.01^a	0.84 ± 0.03^b
	Stearic	11.29 ± 0.042^a	11.13 ± 0.04^a	11.25 ± <0.01^a	11.57 ± 0.01^ab	12.18 ± 0.11^c	12.08 ± 0.31^bc
	Oleic	46.05 ± 0.039^ab	45.66 ± 0.05^ab	46.33 ± 0.04^ab	46.24 ± 0.05^ab	45.31 ± 0.21^a	46.87 ± 0.85^b
	Linoleic	9.17 ± 0.014^ab	8.78 ± <0.01^a	9.18 ± <0.01^ab	9.30 ± 0.01^bc	9.61 ± 0.08^c	5.52 ± 0.23^d
	Linolenic	0.21 ± 0.003^a	0.20 ± 0.01^a	0.19 ± 0.01^a	0.19 ± <0.01^a	0.20 ± <0.01^a	0.07 ± <0.01^b
	Arachidic	1.81 ± 0.018^a	1.76 ± 0.01^a	1.78 ± <0.01^a	1.87 ± <0.01^ab	2.09 ± 0.02^bc	2.17 ± 0.14^c
	Behenic	0.44 ± 0.008^a	0.45 ± <0.01^ab	0.46 ± <0.01^ab	0.48 ± <0.01^ab	0.57 ± 0.02^c	0.54 ± 0.05^bc
	Others	0.93 ± 0.004^a	0.90 ± <0.01^a	0.92 ± 0.01^a	0.89 ± <0.01^a	0.80 ± 0.03^a	0.69 ± 0.02^a
Minority compounds (mg 100 g−¹ of oil)	Squalene	49.03 ± 0.26^a	36.67 ± 0.21^b	54.64 ± 0.51^c	38.88 ± 0.19^d	53.55 ± 0.94^c	20.36 ± 0.48^e
Minority compounds (mg 100 g−¹ of oil)	Stigmasterol	17.89 ± 0.77^a	23.44 ± 0.95^b	14.06 ± 0.34^c	15.99 ± 0.01^ac	10.99 ± 0.57^d	20.43 ± 0.21^e
Total phenolic compounds (mg GAE 100 g−¹ oil)²		31.49 ± 0.24^a	34.39 ± 0.37^b	37.35 ± 0.37^c	41.43 ± 0.62^d	26.57 ± 0.44^e	27.06 ± 0.12^e
Antioxidant capacity (µmol Trolox g−¹ oil)		52.62 ± 0.05^ab	55.18 ± 0.14^ab	52.28 ± 0.09^ab	46.42 ± 0.04^d	49.51 ± 1.62^ad	52.96 ± 0.05^a
Induction time (h)		3.01 ± 0.03^a	2.40 ± 0.17^bc	2.42 ± 0.01^bc	2.51 ± 0.10^bcd	2.17 ± 0.08^b ^c	2.61 ± 0.20^abcd

Extraction technique	Condition	Soluble protein (wt%)
Compressed propane	25 °C and 40 bar	17.89 ± 0.02ª
	25 °C and 80 bar	15.23 ± 0.08^b
	45 °C and 40 bar	17.89 ± 0.04ª
	45 °C and 80 bar	16.61 ± 0.02^c
	35 °C and 60 bar	17.35 ± 0.09^d
Soxhlet using hexane	69 °C and 1 bar	27.32 ± 0.06^e

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[1] Correspondence to: Camila da Silva E-mail: camiladasilva.eq@gmail.com