Pan et al. 2012PAN W ET AL. 2012. Resistance of Asian Cryptococcus neoformans serotype a is confined to few microsatellite genotypes. PLoS ONE 7(3): e32868.
|
China, Japan, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Kuwait and Qatar |
Retrospective and Prospective (clinical and environmental) |
C. neoformans (493) |
MIC range (mg/mL) 0,125-32 |
MIC range (mg/mL) 0,063-1 |
MIC range (mg/mL) <0,016-0,5 |
MIC range (mg/mL) <0,016-0,5 |
CLSI M27-A3 |
High sensitivity of the isolates for several antifungals, both clinical and environmental, but resistance was found to flucytosine (<0.063- >64 ug/mL) and to fluconazole (0.125-32 ug/mL). |
Trpkovic et al. 2012TRPKOVIC A, PEKMEZOVIC M, BARAC A, CRNCEVIC L & ARSENIJEVIC VA. 2012. In vitro antifungal activies of amphotericin B, 5- flurocytosine, fluconazole and itraconazole against Cryptococcus neoformans isolated from cerebrospinal fluid and blood from patients in Serbia. J Mycol Med 22: 243-248.
|
Serbia |
Prospective (clinical) |
C. neoformans (31) |
16 64 |
0,125 0,25 |
0,25 0,38 |
------------- |
E-test® |
The isolates were highly sensitive to amphotericin B (100%) and flucytosine (87.1%) but little sensitive to fluconazole (48.4%). |
Espinel-Ingroff et al. 2012bESPINEL-INGROFF A ET AL. 2012a. Cryptococcus neoformans- Cryptococcus gattii species complex: an international study of wild-type susceptibility endpoint distributions and epidemiological cutoff values for amphotericin B and flucytosine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 56(6): 3107-3113.
|
Global |
Prospective (clinical) |
C. neoformans (5733) C. gattii (975) |
MIC range (mg/mL) <0,12- ≥64 0,25- ≥64 |
------------ |
MIC range (mg/mL) ≤0,008- ≥4 ≤0,008-2 |
MIC range (mg/mL) ≤0,008- ≥4 ≤0,008-1 |
CLSI M27-A3 |
ECVs have been proposed for fluconazole (8-32 ug/ml), itraconazole (0.25-1 ug/ml), posaconazole (0.25-0.5 ug/ml) and voriconazole (0.12-0.25 ug/ml). |
Lee et al. 2012LEE CH, CHANG TY, LIU JW, CHEN FJ, CHIEN CC, TANG YF & LU CH. 2012. Correlation of anti-fungal susceptibility with clinical outcomes in patients with cryptococcal meningitis. BMC Infect Dis 12: 361.
|
Taiwan |
Retrospective (clinical) |
C. neoformans (46) |
MIC range (mg/mL) 2-32 |
MIC range (mg/mL) 0,25-2 |
-------------- |
MIC range (mg/mL) 0,06-0,5 |
CLSI M27-A3 |
Isolates with primary resistance to amphotericin B (MIC >1 ug/mL) (17.4%) or to fluconazole (>8 ug/mL) (26.1%), with recommendation of additional and larger studies to confirm the data. |
Gast et al. 2013GAST CE, BASSO JUNIOR LR, BRUZUAL I & WONG B. 2013. Azole resistance in Cryptococcus gattii from the Pacif Northwest: investigation of the role of ERG11.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57(11): 5478-5485.
|
USA |
Retrospective e Prospective (clinical) |
C. gattii (25) (Pacific Northwest) C. gattii (34) C. neoformans (20) |
16 64 8 32 8 32 |
0,5 1 0,5 1 0,5 1 |
1 1 0,5 1 0,5 2 |
0,5 1 0,25 1 0,25 0,5 |
CLSI M27-A3 |
The MIC values of azoles against 25 isolates of C. gattii from the Pacific Northwest (western Canada and Northwestern United States) were higher than those obtained from 34 from other regions and from 20 of C. neoformans. |