Carbon black |
Spherical particles of carbon aggregated and fused together. Carboxylic groups can be present (Tofighy & Mohammadi 2019TOFIGHY MA & MOHAMMADI T. 2019. Barrier, diffusion, and transport properties of rubber nanocomposites containing carbon nanofillers, p. 253-285. Carbon-Based Nanofillers and Their Rubber Nanocomposites: Fundamentals and Applications. Elsevier.). |
Rubber or polymer fortification, catalysis, pigments and electrodes (Ali et al. 2017ALI F, KHAN SB, KAMAL T, ANWAR Y, ALAMRY KA & ASIRI AM. 2017. Bactericidal and catalytic performance of green nanocomposite based-on chitosan/carbon black fiber supported monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles. Chemosphere 188: 588-598., Tofighy & Mohammadi 2019). |
Against bacteria. Composite with chitosan and metallic nanoparticles Carbon black (Ali et al. 2017ALI F, KHAN SB, KAMAL T, ANWAR Y, ALAMRY KA & ASIRI AM. 2017. Bactericidal and catalytic performance of green nanocomposite based-on chitosan/carbon black fiber supported monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles. Chemosphere 188: 588-598..) |
Carbon fiber |
Graphene sheets twisted, folded and shattered upon each other (Acatay 2017). |
Aerospace and nuclear engineering for devices submitted high damping, extreme temperatures and corrosive environments. Template for nanostructure growing.(Chand 2000, Acatay 2017, Liu et al. 2018) |
Against bacteria. Fibers impregnated with silver (Le Pape et al. 2002LE PAPE H, SOLANO-SERENA F, CONTINI P, DEVILLERS C, MAFTAH A & LEPRAT P. 2002. Evaluation of the anti-microbial properties of an activated carbon fibre supporting silver using a dynamic method. Carbon N Y 40: 2947-2954.) |
Fullerene |
Closed cage Structure with icosahedral symmetry formed by 20 hexagonal and 12 pentagonal rings.(Pochkaeva et al. 2020). |
Electrocatalysis in fuel cells, diversity of biomedical applications (Pochkaeva et al. 2020) |
Against HIV Water-soluble fullerene derivatives with carboxy, hydroxy groups, derivatives with amino acids, peptides and proteins. (Arts & Hazuda 2012ARTS EJ & HAZUDA DJ. 2012. HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2: a007161-a007161., Strom et al. 2015STROM TA, DURDAGI S, ERSOZ SS, SALMAS RE, SUPURAN CT & BARRON AR. 2015. Fullerene-based inhibitors of HIV-1 protease. J Pept Sci 21: 862-870., d’Amora & Giordani 2018, Pochkaeva et al. 2020) |
Graphene |
Crystalline allotrope in the form of a 2D, atomic-scale, structured as a hexagonal lattice with carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization.(Novoselov 2004NOVOSELOV KS. 2004. Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films. Science 306: 666-669.) |
Graphene has potential to be applied from flexible electronics to DNA sequencing. Few graphene-based products have reached the market that requires large-scale production. (Torrisi & Coleman 2014TORRISI F & COLEMAN JN. 2014. Electrifying inks with 2D materials. Nat Nanotechnol 9: 738-739., Ahn & Hong 2014, Böhm 2014BÖHM S. 2014. Graphene against corrosion. Nat Nanotechnol 9: 741-742., Drndić 2014DRNDIĆ M. 2014. Sequencing with graphene pores. Nat Nanotechnol 9: 743-743., Kostarelos & Novoselov 2014KOSTARELOS K & NOVOSELOV KS. 2014. Graphene devices for life. Nat Nanotechnol 9: 744-745., Siochi 2014SIOCHI EJ. 2014. Graphene in the sky and beyond. Nat Nanotechnol 9: 745-747.). |
Against bacteria and virus Microbicide activity is associated to physical contact and oxidative stress. (Ye et al. 2015, Perreault et al. 2015PERREAULT F, DE FARIA AF, NEJATI S & ELIMELECH M. 2015. Antimicrobial Properties of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Why Size Matters. ACS Nano 9: 7226-7236.) |
Carbon nanotubes |
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is formed by graphene wrapped in the shape of a cylinder and bonded together to form a carbon nanotube. This material exists as single- and multiwalled forms.(Nanot et al. 2013NANOT S, THOMPSON NA, KIM J-H, WANG X, RICE WD, HÁROZ EH, GANESAN Y, PINT CL & KONO J. 2013. Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, p. 105-146. Springer Handbook of Nanomaterials. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg., Kukovecz et al. 2013) |
The applications are reported for energy conversion and storage, electronics, semiconductor devices, capacitors, hydrogen storage, catalysis, composite materials of owned of high-strength and conductive properties, batteries, several sensors; field emission displays, interconnects and others. There are some products using carbon nanotubes such as bicycle frame, antifouling CNT paints, printed electronics, electrostatic discharge shielding reported for Juno spacecraft uses, CNT ESD shield. (Baughman et al. 2002BAUGHMAN RH, ZAKHIDOV AA & DE HEER WA. 2002. Carbon nanotubes - The route toward applications. Science 297: 787-792., Sun et al. 2002SUN YP, FU K, LIN Y & HUANG W. 2002. Functionalized carbon nanotubes: Properties and applications. Acc Chem Res 35: 1096-1104., Schnorr & Swager 2011SCHNORR JM & SWAGER TM. 2011. Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes. Chem Mater 23: 646-657., Zhi et al. 2013ZHI M, XIANG C, LI J, LI M & WU N. 2013. Nanostructured carbon–metal oxide composite electrodes for supercapacitors: a review. Nanoscale 5: 72-88., De Volder et al. 2013DE VOLDER MFL, TAWFICK SH, BAUGHMAN RH & HART AJ. 2013. Carbon Nanotubes: Present and Future Commercial Applications. Science 339: 535-539.) |
Against bacteria and HIV, more common use in filters against virus and bacteria (Cheng et al. 2010CHENG Y, LI D, JI B, SHI X & GAO H. 2010. Structure-based design of carbon nanotubes as HIV-1 protease inhibitors: Atomistic and coarse-grained simulations. J Mol Graph Model 29: 171-177., Vecitis et al. 2011VECITIS CD, SCHNOOR MH, RAHAMAN MS, SCHIFFMAN JD & ELIMELECH M. 2011. Electrochemical multiwalled carbon nanotube filter for viral and bacterial removal and inactivation. Environ Sci Technol 48: 3672-3679., Rahaman et al. 2012RAHAMAN MS, VECITIS CD & ELIMELECH M. 2012. Electrochemical carbon-nanotube filter performance toward virus removal and inactivation in the presence of natural organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 46: 1556-1564., Banerjee et al. 2012BANERJEE I, DOUAISI MP, MONDAL D & KANE RS. 2012. Light-activated nanotube–porphyrin conjugates as effective antiviral agents. Nanotechnology 23: 105101., Al-Jumaili et al. 2017) |
Carbon nanohorns |
Carbon nanohorns are similar to carbon nanotube but it is shaped as a conical single-walled tip. Carbon nanohorns are constructed from an sp2 carbon sheet (Zhu & Xu 2010, Karousis et al. 2016) |
Carbon nanohorns have potential applications in capacitors, gas adsorption, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery. One of the most auspicious applications is in the biological area.(Zhu & Xu 2010, Zhang et al. 2015ZHANG Z, HAN S, WANG C, LI J & XU G. 2015. Single-walled carbon nanohorns for energy applications. Nanomaterials 5: 1732-1755., Karousis et al. 2016) |
Carbon nanohorns produces reactive oxygen species and can eliminate microorganisms. It is described photo-induced inactivation of virus by carbon nanohorns.(Miyako et al. 2008MIYAKO E, NAGATA H, HIRANO K, SAKAMOTO K, MAKITA Y, NAKAYAMA K & HIROTSU T. 2008. Photoinduced antiviral carbon nanohorns. Nanotechnology 19: 075106.) |
Carbon quantum dots |
Carbon quantum dots are described as quasi-spherical nanostructures including amorphous to nanocrystalline centers. The cores have predominance of sp2 carbon or sheets of graphene and graphene oxide bonded by diamond-like sp3 hybridised carbon insertions.(Lim et al. 2015) |
Carbon quantum dots are materials with tunable fluorescence and have potential application in chemical sensing, biosensing, bioimaging, nanomedicine, photo and electrocatalysis (Wang & Hu 2014WANG Y & HU A. 2014. Carbon quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and applications. J Mater Chem C 2: 6921-6939., Lim et al. 2015, Fernando et al. 2015FERNANDO KAS, SAHU S, LIU Y, LEWIS WK, GULIANTS EA, JAFARIYAN A, WANG P, BUNKER CE & SUN YP. 2015. Carbon quantum dots and applications in photocatalytic energy conversion. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7: 8363-8376.) |
Against microorganisms including vrus JEK, ZIKV, DENV, PPV, AAV, PK-15, MARK-45 and others. (Huang et al. 2019HUANG S ET AL. 2019. Benzoxazine monomer derived carbon dots as a broad-spectrum agent to block viral infectivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 542: 198-206., Dong et al. 2020DONG X, LIANG W, MEZIANI MJ, SUN Y-P & YANG L. 2020. Carbon Dots as Potent Antimicrobial Agents. Theranostics 10: 671-686.) |