Soil-landform-vegetation interplays at Stinker Point, Elephant Island, Antarctica

SCHMITZ, DANIELA; MICHEL, ROBERTO F.M.; FERRARI, FLÁVIA R.; VILLA, PEDRO M.; FRANCELINO, MARCIO R.; PUTZKE, JAIR; LÓPEZ-MARTÍNEZ, JERÓNIMO; SCHAEFER, CARLOS ERNESTO G.R.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220210676

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SOIL SCIENCE • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 94 (suppl 1) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210676 copy

Soil-landform-vegetation interplays at Stinker Point, Elephant Island, Antarctica

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The geomorphic dynamics on ice-free areas are crucial for understanding soil formation, vegetation and landscape stability in maritime Antarctic. We aimed to describe the soil formation on different landforms, following the Holocene glacial retreat at Stinker Point. Twenty profiles were sampled and classified, grouped into three landforms units: middle platforms and scarps, till/glacial deposits and present/Holocene raised beaches. Soil chemical and physical attributes were determined, and the vegetation type identified and quantified. Soils from till and glacial deposits can be separated by the age of exposure: older soils are stony, skeletic; and recently exposed till has soils with moderate depth, alkaline reaction and very high base saturation. Soils at the middle platforms are shallow, coarse-grained, skeletic, with abundant vegetation. Soils from the present-day beaches are alkaline, very coarse with no horizon differentiation, whereas soils on Holocene beaches are acid and nutrient-rich due to past or present-day influence of fauna. Soils from Stinker Point are generally shallow, skeletic and strongly related to the landforms and biogenic influences. Compared with other islands of the South Shetlands, in Elephant Island soil development is less pronounced, being this mainly attributed to the metamorphic nature of parent material, with greater resistance to weathering.

Key words
Cryosol; Holocene landscape; lichens; mosses; ornithogenic soils; platforms

P	Elev m a.s.l.	Geographic position	Classification WRB-FAO	Description	Vegetation type/common species
1	120	S 61˚13’10.7” W 55˚21’28.0”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)	Till/glacial deposit in top; well drained; plan to soft wavy; no current presence of bird nests	Moss carpet community associated with fruticose lichens: Sanionia uncinata, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Chorisodontium acyphillum, Usnea antarctica, Cladonia sp., Ochrolechia frigida, Himantormia lugubris, Psoroma sp., Prasiola crispa
2	110	S 61˚14’07.2” W 55˚21’17.2”	Turbic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)	Till/glacial deposit in top; well drained; flat to wavy relief; Skua nests nearby	Mixed community moss cushions-musciculous lichens association: Andreaea sp., Bryum sp., Ochrolechia frigida, Cystocoleus niger and Caloplaca sp.
3	69	S 61˚13’17.9” W 55˚21’58.8”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy relief; Petrel and skua nests nearby	Moss carpet community associated with fruticose lichens: Sanionia uncinata, Sphaerophorus globosus, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Chorisodontium aciphyllum, Cladonia borealis, esporadic Deschampsia antarctica and Prasiola crispa.
4	65	S 61˚13’18.0” W 55˚21’58.1”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy relief; Petrel and skua nests nearby	Moss carpet community: Sanionia uncinata with Deschampsia antarctica, esporadic Chorisodontium aciphyllum, and Polytrichastrum alpinum tufts.
5	60	S 61˚13’17.9” W 55˚21’57.0”	Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy; Skua nests and lake nearby;	Deschampsia antarctica phanerogamic community associated with Sanionia uncinata
6	4	S 61˚13’46.8” W 55˚21’46.3”	Dystric Arenosol (Gelic)	Present-day beaches, well drained, plan; presence of mammals and seabirds	Bare soil
7	60	S 61˚13’24.2” W 55˚21’34.8”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy; occasional skuas and petrels	Moss turf community Chorisodontium aciphyllum associated with lichens: Sphaerophorus globosus, Cladonia borealis, Ochrolechia frigida, Usnea antarctica, Psoroma sp., Sanionia uncinata.
8	60	S 61˚13’23.8” W 55˚21’34.3”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy; occasional skuas and petrels	Moss carpet community Sanionia georgicouncinata
9	60	S 61˚13’23.9” W 55˚21’35.9”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained; plan to soft wavy; occasional skuas and petrels	Fruticose lichens community: Sphaerophorus globosus associated with mosses: Chorisodonthium acyphillum, Himantormia lugrubis, Usnea antarctica, Psoroma sp., Cladonia borealis, Cladonia rangiferina, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Sanionia uncinata
10	52	S 61˚13’24.3” W 55˚21’04.0”	Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)	Till/glacial front and deposit; moderately drained; flat to wavy relief	Bare soil
11	48	S 61˚13’36.5” W 55˚21’16.9”	Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)	Till, glacial deposit; moderately drained; wavy relief; near lake; occasional skuas.	Moss cushion community Bryum orbiculatifolium, Hennediella heimii (fertile), Brachythecium sp.
12	50	S 61˚13’50.1” W 55˚21’27.5”	Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)	Till/glacial deposit; moderately drained; wavy relief; near drain line and lake; occasional skuas.	Moss cushion community Bryum orbiculatifolium and Hennediella heimii
13	22	S 61˚13’33.1” W 55˚21’37.5”	Eutric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)	Holocene beaches, raised marine terrace; well drained; wavy relief; occasional seabirds.	Phanerogamic community Colobanthus quitensis associated with mosses Sanionia uncinata and Polytrichastrum alpinum
14	20	S 61˚13’47.7” W 55˚21’39.4”	Dystric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)	Holocene beaches, raised marine terrace; well drained; wavy relief; occasional seabirds.	Phanerogamic community Deschampsia antarctica; Caloplaca regalis on the rocks
15	92	S 61˚13’18.8” W 55˚22’04.7”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Eutric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, moderately drained; wavy relief; in Pygocelis antarcticus active rookery.	Bare soil
16	90	S 61˚13’20.6” W 55˚22’04.0”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained, wavy relief, Petrel nests nearby, adjacent to P15 (penguin rookery).	Macroscopic alga community Prasiola crispa
17	55	S 61˚13’57.6” W 55˚21’12.9”	Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)	Till/glacial deposit; moderately drained; wavy relief; near lake; occasional skuas.	Moss cushion community Bryum orbiculatifolium, Hennediella heimii, Brachythecium sp.
18	58	S 61˚13’51.7” W 55˚20’59.1”	Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)	Till/glacial front and deposit; moderately drained; flat to wavy relief	Bare soil
19	70	S 61˚13’21.0” W 55˚22’07.2”	Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic)	Middle platform; well drained, plan relief, Petrel and skuas nests nearby	Moss carpet community associated with musciculous lichens: Sanionia uncinata, Andreaea sp., Usnea antarctica, Sphaerophorus globosus, Psoroma sp., Ochrolechia frigida, Cladonia sp.
20	90	S 61˚13’20.4” W 55˚21’26.9”	Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Eutric, Arenic, Ornithic)	Middle platform, well drained, wavy relief, occasional seabirds	Moss carpet community associated with musciculous lichens: Sanionia uncinata, Polytrichastrum alpinum, Usnea antarctica, Sphaerophorus globosus, Ochrolechia frigida, Cladonia sp.

Horizons	Depth	T	Color (dry)		Gravel		Sand		Silt		Clay	Texture
	(cm)	(°C)			-----------------------%--------------------
Till/glacial deposit (TGD)
P1 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	5-15	8.0	10YR 3/2	Very dark grayish brown	85		74		19		7	Loamy sand
B	15-35+	5.9	2.5Y 4/2	Dark grayish brown	52		66		31		3	Sandy loam
P2 – Turbic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	5-10	6.9	5Y 5/1	Gray	38		58		37		5	Sandy loam
B1	10-22	5.9	5Y 5/1	Gray	33		57		38		6	Sandy loam
B2	22-35	5.5	5Y 5/1	Gray	51		54		41		6	Sandy loam
C	35-48	5.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	38		51		35		5	Sandy loam
P10 - Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-25	6.2	10Y 6/1	Greenish Gray	29		46.4		19.5		34.1	Clay loam
C2	25-50	5.3	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	37		52.8		39.8		7.4	Loam
C3	50-65+	5.0	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	44		51.5		41.8		6.7	Loam
P11 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-10	8.3	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	54		57		39.3		3.6	Sandy loam
C2	10-20	5.5	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	48		51.6		38.6		9.8	Sandy loam
C3	20-35+	4.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	44		52.3		41.0		6.7	Sandy loam
P12 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-12	8.6	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	51		52.5		38.4		9.8	Sandy loam
C2	12-40	5.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	63		49.9		40.2		9.9	Sandy loam
P17 – Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-12	6.3	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	33		45.3		47.1		7.6	Loam
C2	12-35+	4.0	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	25		43		48.9		8.1	Loam
P18- Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-10	12.0	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	35		51.5		44.6		4.0	Sandy loam
C2	10-22	5.4	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	38		42.8		51.4		5.9	Silt loam
C3	22-30	3.9	7.5Y 5/1	Gray	27		41.5		54.7		3.8	Silt loam
Middle platforms and scarps (MPS)
P3 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-12	5.6	7.5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	29		96.1		2.4		1.5	Sand
BC	12-40	4.9	7.5YR 4/2	Brown	65		78.7		8.1		13.3	Sandy loam
P4 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol ( Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic )
A/O	3-6	6.8	5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	11		96.6		0.3		3.0	Sand
A	6-10	6.5	7.5YR 3/2	Dark Brown	33		96.9		1.6		1.5	Sand
BR	10-35+	4.6	7.5YR 4/2	Brown	57		86.7		6.1		7.2	Sand
P5 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic)
A/01	0-8	5.7	7.5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	22		98.4		1.3		0.3	Sand
A/02	8-22	5.1	5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	10		99.1		0.7		0.2	Sand
B	22-40	4.8	7.5YR 4/2	Brown	54		88.7		5.3		6.0	Sand
P7 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-10	4.3	2.5Y 4/1	Dark Gray	94		71.8		19.4		8.9	Sandy loam
AB	10-17	3.9	2.5Y 5/1	Gray	72		75.3		16.8		7.9	Sandy loam
B	17-40+	3.5	2.5Y 6/1	Gray	37		54.4		39.5		6.1	Loam
P8 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)
O	0-5	6.8	10YR 4/2	Dark Grayish Brown	32		77		12.9		10.1	Sandy loam
A	5-10	6.4	10YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	72		79		12.8		8.2	Sandy loam
BR	10-30	4.4	7.5 YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	79		76.3		18.1		5.6	Sandy loam
P9 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric, Ornithic)
A	0-15	-	2.5Y 4/1	Dark Gray	97		75.8		11.2		13.1	Sandy loam
B	15-30	-	10YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	84		62.5		18.6		18.9	Sandy loam
P15 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Eutric, Ornithic)
A	0-12	7.6	10YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	90		55.6		30.1		14.3	Sandy loam
B	12-35+	6.4	10YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	91		54.8		28.2		17.1	Sandy loam
P16 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-5	6.3	7.5YR 3/2	Dark Brown	80		68.6		14.7		16.7	Sandy loam
C1	5-15	5.0	10YR 5/2	Grayish Brown	72		68.1		21.0		10.9	Sandy loam
C2	15-40+	4.0	2.5Y 5/2	Grayish Brown	52		62.7		31.4		5.9	Sandy loam
C2 incl	25-35	-	7.5YR 4/3	Brown	25		64.6		27.9		7.4	Sandy loam
P19 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic)
O/A	0-12	6.8	2.5Y 3/1	Very Dark Gray (brownish)	73		75.9		15.8		8.4	Sandy loam
B	12-20	6.5	10YR 4/2	Grayish Yellow Brown	51		61.6		28.3		10.0	Sandy loam
C	20-40	-	2.5Y 5/2	Dark grayish yellow	51		55.3		31.8		13.0	Sandy loam
P20 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Eutric, Arenic, Ornithic)
A	0-5	5.4	2.5Y 5/2	dark grayish yellow	54		75.2		22.8		2.0	Loamy Sand
B	5-15	4.4	5Y 5/1	Gray	45		72.4		27.1		0.6	Loamy Sand
C	15-40+	3.5	5Y 5/1	Gray	52		69.0		29.6		1.4	Sandy loam
Present-day/Holocene beaches (PHB)
P6- Dystric Arenosol (Gelic)
1A	0-25	-	5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	14	98.9		1.0		0.1			Sand
2B1	25-55	-	2.5YR 3/1	Gark Reddish Gray	3	99.3		0.4		0.3			Sand
2B2	55-70+	-	5YR 3/1	Very Dark Gray	5	99.2		0.7		0.0			Sand
P13 - Eutric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)
A	0-10	16.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	40		62.8		34.4		2.9	Sandy loam
B	10-28	10.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	38		68.3		28.4		3.3	Sandy loam
C1	28-45	6.8	5Y 5/1	Gray	38		65.7		32.2		2.1	Sandy loam
C2	45-60+	5.0	5Y 5/1	Gray	36		67.8		29.8		2.5	Sandy loam
P14 - Dystric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)
A	0-10	13.8	5Y 5/1	Gray	49		65.7		30.9		3.3	Sandy loam
B	10-25	12.1	5Y 6/1	Gray	45		61.8		33.8		4.4	Sandy loam
C1	25-45+	6.9	5Y 5/1	Gray	37		54.7		39.4		5.9	Sandy loam
Ex. samp	0-10	-	2.5Y 5/1	Gray	59		80.1		19.1		0.8	Loamy sand

Horizon	Depth (cm)	pH		P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H+Al	BS	CECeff	CECT	PSB	Al sat	OM	P-Rem		Cu		Mn	Fe	Zn	N
Horizon	Depth (cm)	H ₂ O	KCl	---------- mg/dm³---------			--------------------------cmol _o /dm ³ --------------------------							%		dag/kg	mg/L		------------mg/dm³--------------					dag/kg
Till/glacial deposit (TGD)
P1 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	5-15	4.84	4.5	279.2	166	146.2	1.41	1.54	0.2	7.8	4.01	4.21	11.81	34	4.8	3		44.6	1.12		2.1	112.6	1.82	0.21
B	15-35+	4.64	4.19	374.3	152	315.3	3.13	2.23	1.9	17.2	7.12	9.02	24.32	29.3	21.1	1.3		12.4	5.22		5.8	318.3	1.87	0.14
P2 – Turbic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	5-10	5	4.09	325	115	285.4	3.69	2.05	1.3	14.7	7.28	8.58	21.98	33.1	15.2	1.43	11.3		6.08		5	437.6	0.7	0.32
B1	10-22	4.77	2.96	287	91	155.2	2.11	2.49	7.4	21.3	5.51	12.91	26.81	20.6	57.3	0.52	19.3		4.83		6.4	460.3	0.79	0.15
B2	22-35	4.54	2.09	445.1	82	173.1	1.84	1.81	7.7	21.9	4.61	12.31	26.51	17.4	62.6	1.04	19.2		4.64		3.4	467.4	1.06	0.12
C	35-48	3.75	2.91	562.5	76	144.2	0.96	0.39	4.4	27.1	2.17	6.57	29.27	7.4	67	0.78	17.9		4.29		0.8	425.9	1.08	0.14
P10 - Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-25	7.83	7.78	168.1	231	27.4	3.69	0.36	0	0.3	4.76	4.76	5.06	94.1	0	0.9	37.4		11.91		57.6	1140.2	5.96	0.25
C2	25-50	7.96	7.6	200	155	18.5	3.64	0.3	0	1.5	4.42	4.42	5.92	74.7	0	1.29	40.2		17.03		39.7	899.5	4.8	0.14
C3	50-65+	7.91	7.82	225.3	181	20.5	4.53	0.38	0	0.3	5.46	5.46	5.76	94.8	0	1.03	43.1		19.45		51.6	1251.8	5.81	0.23
P11 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-10	7.69	7.6	123	116	31.4	2.62	0.23	0	0.2	3.28	3.28	3.48	94.3	0	1.42	37.6		13.39		53.6	1036.3	5.81	0.08
C2	10-20	7.98	7.82	135.5	181	37.4	4.35	0.37	0	0.2	5.35	5.35	5.55	96.4	0	1.55	28.4		9.84		41	710.3	4.32	0.12
C3	20-35+	7.85	7.01	195.6	127	32.4	3.64	0.55	0	0.2	4.66	4.66	4.86	95.9	0	1.16	42.9		8.87		36.1	480.7	3.28	0.14
P12 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-12	7.9	7.58	280.6	154	32.4	4.03	0.48	0	0.3	5.05	5.05	5.35	94.4	0	1.68	32.9		13.92		46.8	725.1	5.85	0.04
C2	12-40	6.22	7.58	255.7	196	36.4	3.62	0.38	0	0.7	4.66	4.66	5.36	86.9	0	2.45	31.7		12.21		37.8	440.4	4.34	0.18
P17 – Turbic Leptic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-12	7.73	6.98	183.9	173	56.3	4.82	0.45	0	0.5	5.96	5.96	6.46	92.3	0	0.13	37.4		13.25		46	985.7	6.2	0.21
C2	12-35+	7.93	7.47	186.8	191	52.3	5.17	0.39	0	0.8	6.28	6.28	7.08	88.7	0	0.39	33.6		14.69		58.6	1242.6	7.55	0.30
P18 - Turbic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric)
C1	0-10	7.84	7.72	163.8	171	59.3	4.49	0.54	0	0.3	5.73	5.73	6.03	95	0	1.81	36.3		13.86		51.1	1358.5	7.4	0.12
C2	10-22	7.91	7.85	172.6	176	42.4	5.07	0.58	0	0.8	6.29	6.29	7.09	88.7	0	0.9	33.7		9.66		34	721.6	4.42	0.10
C3	22-30	7.89	7.76	148.2	166	37.4	4.89	0.57	0	0.3	6.05	6.05	6.35	95.3	0	1.68	32.7		9.47		32.8	725.2	4.25	0.16


Table III. (continued)
Horizon	Depth (cm)	pH		P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H + Al	BS	CECeff	CECT	PSB	Al sat	OM dag/kg	P-Rem		Cu		Mn	Fe	Zn	N dag/kg
		H ₂ O	KCl	---------- mg/dm³--------			--------------------------cmol _o /dm ³ --------------------------							%		OM dag/kg	mg/L		------------mg/dm³--------------					N dag/kg
Middle platforms and scarps (MPS)
P3 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-12	4.24	3.56	710	63	85.4	1.14	0.23	5.7	30.2	1.9	7.6	32.1	5.9	75	1.17	28.6		3.47	0.4		292.1	0.75	0.17
BC	12-40	4.17	3.22	1142.5	82	112.3	1.48	0.36	5.5	25.2	2.54	8.04	27.74	9.2	68.4	1.04	28.2		4.88	0.5		301.9	0.97	0.22
P4 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic)
A/O	3-6	4.25	3.84	560.6	76	89.4	0.68	0.26	4.4	21.6	1.52	5.92	23.12	6.6	74.3	2.48	24.6		8.06		1.8	902.2	1.81	0.14
A	6-10	4.14	4.13	787.4	79	167.1	1.24	0.38	3.1	17.7	2.55	5.65	20.25	12.6	54.9	1.43	13		6.69		1.4	563.6	2.18	0.15
BR	10-35+	4.14	3.6	622.7	91	90.4	0.75	0.24	4.3	17.3	1.62	5.92	18.92	8.6	72.6	1.17	30.5		5.13		1.1	558.5	1.22	0.03
P5 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic)
A/O1	0-5	4.65	4.35	15.8	15	2.6	1.45	0.38	0.6	4.8	1.88	2.48	6.68	28.1	24.2	1.43	24.7		1.87		23.9	67.7	1.59	0.17
A/O2	5-10	4.82	3.95	21.7	41	0.6	0.68	0.27	1.1	4.5	1.06	2.16	5.56	19.1	50.9	1.43	34.3		0.88		7.2	135.2	0.87	0.22
B	10-30	4.66	5.28	3.9	58	0	1.09	0.23	0.9	9.6	1.47	2.37	11.07	13.3	38	1.57	11		1.94		3.9	43.8	3.15	0.03
P7 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-10	5.35	4.82	5894	76	215.6	6.63	1.47	0	6.6	9.23	9.23	15.83	58.3	0	1.43	44.1		30.24		16.4	296.5	84.78	0.19
AB	10-17	5.54	5.56	5644.5	56	235.5	4.55	0.73	0	4	6.45	6.45	10.45	61.7	0	1.3	42.5		43.62		13.1	327.6	90.3	0.32
B	17-40	5.3	4.06	1217.1	55	55.5	2.83	0.36	0.5	4.5	3.57	4.07	8.07	44.2	12.3	1.43	47.5		9.53		1.6	169.5	6.37	0.21
P8 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Dystric, Ornithic)
O	0-5	4.81	4.27	4547.2	48	181.1	5.15	1.37	0.3	10.4	7.43	7.73	17.83	41.7	3.9	10.1	38.9		12.73		8.4	175.2	63.4	0.19
A	5-10	5.24	4.5	6761.8	38	192.1	4.49	0.83	0	7.1	6.25	6.25	13.35	46.8	0	2.61	46.3		22.91		11.6	364.9	81.1	0.38
BR	10-30	5.16	3.7	880.2	65	71.4	3.03	0.28	0.5	5.6	3.79	4.29	9.39	40.4	11.7	1.3	48.2		5.47		0.9	144.2	3.2	0.29
P9 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (“Patterned”, Eutric, Ornithic)
A	0-15	4.64	4.08	1019.9	76	108.3	3.82	1.38	0.5	8.1	5.87	6.37	13.97	42	7.8	2.61	38.6		7.06		6.2	165.2	8.16	0.21
B	15-30	5.21	5.02	6880.9	35	175.7	8.19	1.29	0	8.6	10.33	10.33	18.93	54.6	0	4.17	32.9		42.3		15	176	112.38	0.14
P15 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Eutric, Ornithic)
A	0-12	5.69	5.34	5407.8	176	314.1	8.15	2.99	0	10.7	12.96	12.96	23.66	54.8	0	3.1	42.3		25.95		7	209.2	92.2	0.15
B	12-35+	5.33	4.35	7742.3	183	314.1	6.09	1.16	0	11.1	9.08	9.08	20.18	45	0	3.23	56.7		19.01		6.4	246.5	88.8	0.23

Table III. (continued)
Horizon	Depth (cm)	pH		P	K	Na	Ca	Mg	Al	H + Al	BS	CECeff	CEC T	PSB	Al sat	OM dag/kg	P-Rem		Cu		Mn	Fe	Zn	N dag/kg
		H₂O	KCl	----------- mg/dm³--------			--------------------------cmol _o /dm ³ --------------------------							%		OM dag/kg	mg/L		------------mg/dm³--------------					N dag/kg
P16 – Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Ornithic)
A	0-5	4.97	4.32	154.6	87	87.2	1.32	0.65	0	5.4	2.57	2.57	7.97	32.2	0	6.46	56.1		0.99		1.1	108.3	2.12	0.25
C1	5-15	4.69	4.09	4805.8	131	294.2	5.01	0.82	0	9.2	7.45	7.45	16.65	44.7	0	4.13	47.5		30.05		8.4	305.6	99.7	0.22
C2	15-40+	4.6	3.62	3010.7	251	185.9	5.59	0.53	0.7	14.7	7.57	8.27	22.27	34	8.5	3.23	52.1		16.14		4	410.2	28.4	0.06
C2incl	25-35	4.37	3.37	5452.6	441	184.6	4.17	0.54	1.3	21.8	6.64	7.94	28.44	23.3	16.4	4	45.2		21.68		1.2	606.3	10.8	0.15
P19 - Turbic Leptic Skeletic Cryosol (Dystric, Arenic, Ornithic)
O/A	0-12	4.8	4.1	3362.88	157	324.1	4.72	1.54	0.1	10.7	8.07	8.17	18.77	43	1.2	10.9	58.6		14.71		5.4	287.8	40.8	0.03
B	12-20	5	4.42	7764.2	89	344	7.89	1.37	0.1	12.2	10.9	11.08	23.18	47.4	0.9	3.88	44.9		31.35		11	227.4	93.6	0.04
C	20-40	4.8	3.89	4117.5	166	324.1	6.4	0.89	0.1	12.4	9.12	9.22	21.52	42.4	1.1	3.1	52		17.73		8.2	287.1	61.1	0.37
P20 - Turbic Leptic Cryosol (Eutric, Arenic, Ornithic)
A	0-5	5.5	4.52	3667.8	36	152	3.12	1.06	0	5.3	4.93	4.93	10.23	48.2	0	0.52	42.8		15.87		24	799.5	38.6	0.07
B	5-15	5.81	4.37	1326.2	56	77.2	2.09	0.54	0	2.5	3.11	3.11	5.61	55.4	0	0.78	50.4		14.17		8.9	628.5	14.63	0.10
C	15-40+	6.34	5.02	655.5	59	42.4	2.24	0.49	0	1.8	3.07	3.07	4.87	63	0	1.03	54		19.89		11	628.4	6.68	0.06
Present-day/Holocene beaches
P6- Dystric Arenosol (Gelic)
1A	0-25	5.29	5.2	13.3	109	5.6	1.76	0.44	0	7.1	2.5	2.5	9.6	26	0	0.78	15.9		1.7		6.5	35.4	5.45	0.15
2B1	25-55	5.15	4.55	11.9	40	0	1.35	0.43	0	3.8	1.88	1.88	5.68	33.1	0	0.65	32.4		2.06		6.1	42.4	6.73	0.18
2B2	55-70+	4.9	3.74	1228.9	38	14.6	0.18	0.04	0.3	1.5	0.38	0.68	1.88	20.2	44.1	1.17	49.5		0.97		0.5	227.4	0.31	0.22
P13 - Eutric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)
A	0-10	7.9	5.31	338.5	116	80.2	2.34	0.74	0	1.5	3.73	3.73	5.23	71.3	0	1.03	48.3		10.34		23.1	383.7	4.2	0.03
B	10-28	7.1	6.38	694.3	124	69.3	2.44	0.53	0	0.8	3.59	3.59	4.39	81.8	0	3.1	46.8		14.32		31.4	625.7	5.34	0.03
C1	28-45	7.15	6.56	361.8	112	54.3	2.68	0.39	0	0.8	3.59	3.59	4.39	81.8	0	1.42	51.8		13.21		30.4	667.7	4.8	0.08
C2	45-60+	7.26	4.48	383.8	115	44.4	3.15	0.33	0	0.7	3.97	3.97	4.67	85	0	1.68	49.5		10.22		24	427.3	3.51	0.05
P14 - Dystric Regosol (Gelic, Ornithic, Turbic)
A	0-10	5.43	4.5	1726.2	173	139	2.34	0.67	0	5.4	4.06	4.06	9.46	42.9	0	0.26	55.5		5.57		3.9	641.3	9.36	0.06
B	10-25	4.44	3.37	638.6	166	60.3	1.21	0.33	0.4	7.3	2.23	2.63	9.53	23.4	15.2	0.52	47.3		8.47		3.7	549.2	3.87	0.05
C1	25-45+	5.32	3.85	657.6	167	48.4	1.78	0.49	0.1	3.8	2.91	3.01	6.71	43.4	3.3	0.26	46.4		17.52		11.6	802	6.66	0.05
C	15-40+	6.34	5.02	655.5	59	42.4	2.24	0.49	0	1.8	3.07	3.07	4.87	63	0	1.03	54		19.89		11	628.4	6.68	0.06

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[1] Correspondence to: Daniela Schmitz E-mail: danni_schmitz@hotmail.com; daniela.schmitz@ufv.br