Behavior and performance of sows fed different levels of fiber and reared in individual cages or collective pens

BUDIÑO, FÁBIO E.L.; VIEIRA, RENATA F.N.; MELLO, SILVIO P.; DUARTE, KEILA M.R.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201420140301

Brasil

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Agrarian Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 86 (4) • Dec 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201420140301 linkcopy

Behavior and performance of sows fed different levels of fiber and reared in individual cages or collective pens

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Sixteen pregnant sows were used. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 2x2 factorial scheme consisting of two housing systems (individual cages and collective pens) and two diets (low [2.67%] and high [13.14%] level of crude fiber). Physiological, behavioral, environmental, and hormonal parameters were studied. In addition, the following productive and reproductive parameters were evaluated: weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion of the sow and piglets, number of piglets born dead and alive, number and weight at weaning, and backfat thickness of sows. Pregnant sows reared in collective pens and fed a high-fiber diet exhibited better physiological responses, indicating greater comfort and better animal welfare. The environmental variables were close to the comfort zone of the animals. In addition to providing a more comfortable environment, housing pigs in collective pens reduced stereotypy, permitting the sows to express a more natural behavior. The high-fiber diet did not interfere with female productive performance. Tifton hay can therefore be indicated as an alternative for the formulation of sow diets to improve animal welfare.

swine; animal welfare; environmental enrichment; housing systems

Ingredients	LF	HF
Corn, 7.8% CP	80.54	53.74
Soybean meal, 45% CP	17.02	33.00
Tifton hay	-	11.00
Bicalcic Phosphate	1.15	1.45
Limestone	0.59	0.11
Salt	0.50	0.50
Mineral and vitamin supplement ^* * Guaranteed level per kg ration: vitamin A – 4,000 IU; vitamin D3 – 220 IU; vitamin E – 22 mg; vitamin K – 0.5 mg; vitamin B2 – 3.75 mg; vitamin B12 – 20 µg; calcium pantothenate – 12 mg; niacin – 20 mg; choline – 60 mg; iodine – 140 µg; selenium – 300 µg; manganese – 10 mg; zinc – 100 mg; copper – 10 mg; iron – 99 mg. HF: high fiber; LF: low fiber.	0.20	0.20
Chemical content(analyzed values)
Metabolizable energy, MJ.kg^–1	13.39	11.50
Crude Fiber	2.67	13.14
ADF	2.75	16.52
NDF	9.17	26.28
Ether extract	2.92	2.83
Crude Protein	14.66	14.00
Total lysine	0.70	0.72
Total Methionine + cystine	0.52	0.47
Total methionine	0.24	0.22
Total threonine	0.56	0.53
Total tryptophan	0.16	0.15
Calcium	0.60	0.60
Total phosphorus	0.50	0.50

BGTHI
Diet	System
Diet	IC	CP	Mean
LF	61.32±0.71 aA	61.21±0.50 aA	61.26±0.43
HF	61.27±0.56 aA	60.86±0.64 aA	61.07±0.43
Mean	61.29±0.45	61.03±0.41
Hour	System
Hour	IC	CP	Mean
7:30	60.27±0.48 aB	59.37±0.43 aC	59.82±0.32
11:30	62.92±0.49 aA	63.34±0.44 aA	63.13±0.33
17:00	60.69±0.49 aB	60.39±0.43 aB	60.54±0.33
Mean	61.29±0.45	61.03±0.41
Hour	Diet
Hour	LF	HF	Mean
7:30	59.96±0.45 aB	59.69±0.46 aB	59.82±0.32
11:30	63.11±0.47 aA	63.15±0.46 aA	63.13±0.33
17:00	60.72± 0.47 aB	60.36±0.46 aB	60.54±0.33
Mean	61.20±0.43	61.07±0.43

Enthalpy (h) kJ.kg^–1
Diet	System
Diet	IC	CP	Mean
LF	81.47±2.55 aA	79.35±1.80 aA	80.42±1.56
HF	81.20±2.01 aA	78.00±2.33 aA	79.60±1.54
Mean	81.34±1.63	78.68±1.47
Hour	System
Hour	IC	CP	Mean
7:30	87.53±1.65 aA	85.16±1.50 aA	86.34±1.11
11:30	81.22±1.66 aB	77.44±1.50 aB	79.33±1.11
17:00	75.27±1.66 aC	73.44±1.50 aC	74.35±1.11
Mean	81.34±1.63	78.68±1.47
Hour	Diet
Hour	LF	HF	Mean
7:30	86.45±1.58 aA	86.23±1.57 aA	86.34±1.11
11:30	80.37±1.59 aB	78.29±1.57 aB	79.33±1.11
17:00	74.42±1.59 aC	74.29±1.57 aC	74.35±1.11
Mean	80.42±1.56	79.60±1.54

Floor temperature (°C)
Diet	System
Diet	IC	CP	Mean
LF	26.64±0.75 aA	25.67±0.53 aA	26.15±0.46
HF	26.64±0.59 aA	25.94±0.68 aA	25.79±0.45
Mean	26.14±0.48	25.81±0.43
Hour	System
Hour	IC	CP	Mean
7:30	25.80±0.50 aB	24.47±0.46 aC	25.13±0.34
11:30	25.95±0.51 aAB	26.90±0.46 aA	26.43±0.34
17:00	26.63±0.51 aA	26.05±0.46 aB	26.36±0.34
Mean	26.14±0.48	25.81±0.43
Hour	Diet
Hour	LF	HF	Mean
7:30	25.17±0.48 aB	25.10±0.48 aB	25.13±0.34
11:30	26.46±0.49 aA	26.39±0.48 aA	26.43±0.34
17:00	26.83±0.49 aA	25.89±0.48 aAB	26.36±0.34
Mean	26.15±0.46	25.79±0.45

Rate respiratory^#1
Diet	System
Diet	IC	CP	Mean
LF	60.36±4.78 (1.64±0.03)aA	43.20±3.29 (1.57±0.02)bA	51.78±2.90 (1.64±0.03)
HF	40.55±3.72 (1.52±0.02)aB	39.12±4.28 (1.56±0.03)aA	39.84±2.84 (1.55±0.03)
Mean	50.46±3.03 (1.64±0.03)	41.16±2.70 (1.55±0.03)
Hour	System
Hour	IC	CP	Mean
7:30	64.70±3.79 (1.78±0.04)aA	44.15±3.45 (1.60±0.03)bA	54.42±2.55 (1.69±0.03)
11:30	38.50±3.92 (1.50±0.04)AC	38.48±3.46 (1.51±0.03)aA	38.49±2.59 (1.50±0.03)
16:30	48.17±3.92 (1.63±0.04)aB	40.86±3.44 1.55±0.03)aA	44.51±2.58 (1.59±0.03)
Média	50.46±3.03 (1.64±0.03)	41.16±2.70 (1.55±0.03)
Hour	Diet
Hour	LF	HF	Mean
7:30	60.94±3.54 (1.74±0.04)aA	47.91±3.70 (1.64±0.04)aA	54.42±2.55 (1.69±0.03)
11:30	44.57±3.75 (1.56±0.04)aB	32.41±3.63 (1.45±0.04)aB	38.49±2.59 (1.50±0.03)
16:30	49.83±3.72 (1.63±0.04)aAB	39.20±3.63 (1.55±0.03)aAB	44.51±2.58 (1.59±0.03)
Mean	51.78±2.90 (1.64±0.03)	39.84±2.84 (1.55±0.03)

Skin temperature (°C)
Diet	System
Diet	IC	CP	Mean
LF	34.25±0.46	34.14±0.32	34.20±0.28A
HF	33.41±0.36	33.32±0.41	33.36±0.27B
Mean	33.83±0.29a	33.73±0.26a
Hour	System
Hour	IC	CP	Mean
7:30	33.79±0.32aAB	33.22±0.29aB	33.51±0.21
11:30	34.28±0.33aA	34.41±0.29aA	34.34±0.22
16:30	33.42±0.33aB	33.55±0.29aB	33.49±0.22
Mean	33.83±0.29	33.73±0.26
Hour	Diet
Hour	LF	HF	Mean
7:30	33.91±0.30aB	33.10±0.31aB	33.51±0.21
11:30	34.74±0.31aA	33.94±0.30aA	34.34±0.22
16:30	33.93±0.31aB	33.05±0.30aB	33.49±0.22
Mean	34.20±0.28	33.36±0.27

Posture	System		Diet
Posture	IC	CP	LF	HF
LR	(150) 24.59	(247) 23.77	(145) 20.42	(252) 26.33
VR	(292) 47.87	(396) 37.46	(284) 40.00	(404) 42.22
Sitting	(144) 23.61	(371) 35.10	(240) 33.80	(275) 28.74
Standing	(24) 3.93	(43) 4.07	(41) 5.77	(26) 2.72

Behavior	System		Diet
Behavior	IC	CP	LF	HF
AS	(208) 34.10	(347) 32.80	(268) 37.75	(287) 29.96
DW	(29) 4.75	(53) 5.01	(42) 5.92	(40) 4.18
Sleeping	(111) 18.20	(298) 28.17	(134) 18.87	(275) 28.71
LiT	(60) 9.84	(98) 9.26	(59) 8.31	(99) 10.33
LiF	(8) 1.31	(73) 6.90	(31) 4.37	(50) 5.22
VC	(194) 31.80	(132) 12.48	(153) 21.55	(173) 18.06
Rooting	-	(51) 4.82	(20) 2.82	(31) 3.24
BB	-	(6) 0.57	(3) 0.42	(3) 0.31

Performance	System		Diet
Performance	IC	CP	LF	HF
WB (kg)	247.25^a	201.63^b	234.75^a	214.13^a
WF (kg)	284.50^a	235.25^b	265.63^a	254.13^a
WGBF (kg)	37.25^a	33.63^a	30.88^a	40.00^a
BCB	3.56^a	2.44^b	2.81^a	3.19^a
BCF	3.75^a	3.19^a	3.44^a	3.50^a
BFB (mm)	13.62^a	12.50^a	13.25^a	12.88^a
BFF (mm)	23.87^a	18.75^a	20.38^a	22.25^a
LB	10.12^a	10.25^a	11.12^a	9.25^a
BW (kg)	1.70^a	1.74^a	1.72^a	1.71^a
NW	8.87^a	8.87^a	9.25^a	8.50^a
WW (kg)	7.02^a	7.59^a	6.87^a	7.74^a
FC	8.45^a	8.8^a	10.11^a	7.14^a

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[TFN01t01] ^*
Guaranteed level per kg ration: vitamin A – 4,000 IU; vitamin D3 – 220 IU; vitamin E – 22 mg; vitamin K – 0.5 mg; vitamin B2 – 3.75 mg; vitamin B12 – 20 µg; calcium pantothenate – 12 mg; niacin – 20 mg; choline – 60 mg; iodine – 140 µg; selenium – 300 µg; manganese – 10 mg; zinc – 100 mg; copper – 10 mg; iron – 99 mg. HF: high fiber; LF: low fiber.