Figure 1
Mean annual cycle (1979-2005) of Antarctica SIE derived from satellite data and simulated in the 3 CMIP5 models (MIROC5, NorESM1-M e CCSM4).
Figure 2
Seasonal frequency of blocking events by longitude (%) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis (continuous lines) and in the MIROC5 historical experiment (dashed lines) during (a) summer (JFM), (b) autumn (AMJ), (c) winter (JAS) and (d) spring (OND) over 1979-2005.
Figure 3
Seasonal difference of (a, b, c, d) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (i, j, k, l) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) between the MIROC5 historical experiment and the ERA-Interim reanalysis and standard deviation of (e, f, g, h) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (m, n, o, p) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) from the MIROC5 historical experiment during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 4
Seasonal frequency of blocking events by longitude (%) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis (continuous lines) and in the CCSM4 historical experiment (dashed lines) during (a) summer (JFM), (b) autumn (AMJ), (c) winter (JAS) and (d) spring (OND) over 1979-2005.
Figure 5
Seasonal difference of (a, b, c, d) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (i, j, k, l) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) between the CCSM4 historical experiment and the ERA-Interim reanalysis and standard deviation of (e, f, g, h) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (m, n, o, p) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) from the CCSM4 historical experiment during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 6
Seasonal frequency of blocking events by longitude (%) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis (continuous lines) and in the NorESM1-M historical experiment (dashed lines) during (a) summer (JFM), (b) autumn (AMJ), (c) winter (JAS) and (d) spring (OND) over 1979-2005.
Figure 7
Seasonal difference of (a, b, c, d) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (i, j, k, l) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) between the NorESM1-M historical experiment and the ERA-Interim reanalysis and standard deviation of (e, f, g, h) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (m, n, o, p) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) from the NorESM1-M historical experiment during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 8
Seasonal frequency of blocking events, in the 48°S latitude band, in years of SIE Antarctic retraction (gray line) and expansion (black line) for (a, b, c, d) observed data (satellite and reanalyses), (e, f, g, h) MIROC5, (i, j, k, l) CCSM4 and (m, n, o, p) NorESM1-M during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 9
Seasonal frequency of blocking events, in the 60°S latitude band, in years of SIE Antarctic retraction (gray line) and expansion (black line) for (a, b, c, d) observed data (satellite and reanalyses), (e, f, g, h) MIROC5, (i, j, k, l) CCSM4 and (m, n, o, p) NorESM1-M during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 6
Seasonal frequency of blocking events by longitude (%) in the ERA-Interim reanalysis (continuous lines) and in the NorESM1-M historical experiment (dashed lines) during (a) summer (JFM), (b) autumn (AMJ), (c) winter (JAS) and (d) spring (OND) over 1979-2005.
Figure 7
Seasonal difference of (a, b, c, d) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (i, j, k, l) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) between the NorESM1-M historical experiment and the ERA-Interim reanalysis and standard deviation of (e, f, g, h) 500-hPa geopotential height (m) and (m, n, o, p) 250-hPa zonal wind (ms-1) from the NorESM1-M historical experiment during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 8
Seasonal frequency of blocking events, in the 48°S latitude band, in years of SIE Antarctic retraction (gray line) and expansion (black line) for (a, b, c, d) observed data (satellite and reanalyses), (e, f, g, h) MIROC5, (i, j, k, l) CCSM4 and (m, n, o, p) NorESM1-M during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.
Figure 9
Seasonal frequency of blocking events, in the 60°S latitude band, in years of SIE Antarctic retraction (gray line) and expansion (black line) for (a, b, c, d) observed data (satellite and reanalyses), (e, f, g, h) MIROC5, (i, j, k, l) CCSM4 and (m, n, o, p) NorESM1-M during summer (JFM; first column), autumn (AMJ; second column), winter (JAS; third column) and spring (OND; fourth column) over 1979-2005.