Parasitic communities of <i>Hoplosternum littorale</i> (Hancock, 1828) as indicators of environmental impact

DIAS, KARINA G.A; ALVES, CARLOS A.; SILVA, REINALDO J. DA; ABDALLAH, VANESSA D.; AZEVEDO, RODNEY K. DE

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160792

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Biological Sciences • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 89 (3 Suppl) • 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160792 linkcopy

Parasitic communities of Hoplosternum littorale (Hancock, 1828) as indicators of environmental impact

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The parasites are indicative of several biological aspects of their hosts, including their diet, migration, recruitment and phylogeny, but they can also be direct indicators of the environmental quality. Hoplosternum littorale is a fish that has a high commercial value in some South American countries. The fishes were collected from January to July 2012, in two locations of the Peixe River in the municipality of Anhembi, State of São Paulo, Brazil, which had different environmental and limnological characteristics (river mouth and Lagoa Cabeça de Boi). An amount of 30 fish specimens were captured in each location for the analysis of their parasitic fauna. Nine species of metazoan parasites were collected. Both Brillouin`s diversity index and Margalef`s richness index were greater in the Lagoa Cabeça de Boi. The ratio of heteroxenous and monoxenous parasite species richness (S_H/S_M) was higher in the Lagoa Cabeça de Boi. The results of the physicochemical analysis of the water showed that the mouth of the Peixe River can be considered an area that suffers more from anthropogenic actions than the Lagoa da Cabeça de Boi. Proteocephalus sp., Gyrodactylus sp., Scleroductus sp. and Capillaria (Neocapillaria) pterophylli are being registered for the first time in this host.

Key words: bioindicators; Callichthyidae; parasites; Peixe River; São Paulo

Parameters	Pond	Mouth
Ammonia (mg/L)	0.023	0.028
Nitrate (mg/L)	0.017	0.043
Nitrite (mg/L)	0.0008	0.001
Total phosphorus (mg/L)	0.034	0.029
DO (Dissolved oxygen) (mg/L)	8.63 ± 0.64 (4.30-14.10)	7.78 ± 0.50 (3.80-12.40)
Electrical conductivity (µS/cm)	12.96 ± 0.92 (8.60-20.80)	34.80 ± 4.15 (9.50-66.40)
Secchi disc transparency (m)	0.64 ± 0.07 (0.22-1.10)	0.59 ± 0.09 (0.10-1.15)
pH	6.19 ± 0.39 (2.50 - 7.60)	5.83 ± 0.47 (1.50-8.36)
Temperature	23.38 ± 0.95 (17.60-27.33)	24.36 ± 0.77 (19.80-28.86)

Parasites	Prevalence (%)	Mean Abundance ±s	Mean Intensity±s	Site of infection/infestation	Species importance*
Cestoda
Proteocephalus sp. (plerocercoid)	3.3	0.03±5.08	1.00±5.08	Intestine	Sa
Digenea
Austrodiplostomum compactum	33.3	12.7±0.35	38.2±1.07	Intestine, stomach, liver and eyes	Se
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum	43.3	1.33±0.02	3.07±0.04	Intestine and stomach	Se
Hirudinea
Glossiphoniidae gen. sp.	30.0	1.8±0.46	4.9±1.52	Gills	Se
Placobdella sp.	3.3	0.13±0.19	4.00±5.64	Gills	Sa
Monogenea
Gyrodactylus sp.	13.3	0.53±0.05	4.00±0.38	Gills and surface	Sa
Scleroductus sp.	10.0	0.10±0.00	1.00±0.00	Gills and surface	Sa
Myxozoa
Henneguya guanduensis	10.0	X	X	Gills and stomach	Sa
Nematoda
Capillaria (Neocapillaria) pterophylli	36.6	0.46±0.24	1.27±1.03	Intestine and stomach	Se

Parasites	Prevalence (%)	Mean Abundance ±s	Mean Intensity±s	Site of infection/infestation	Species importance*
Digenea
Austrodiplostomum compactum	18.2	0.23±0.01	1.25±0.1	Intestine, stomach, liver and eyes	Sa
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum	36.4	1.77±0.23	4.90±0.83	Intestine and stomach	Se
Hirudinea
Placobdella sp.	18.2	1.22±0.29	6.75±1.6	Gills	Sa
Monogenea
Gyrodactylus sp.	63.6	9.59±0.68	15.1±0.93	Gills and surface	Se
Scleroductus sp.	22.7	0.36±0.06	1.6±0.27	Gills and surface	Sa
Myxozoa
Henneguya guanduensis	31.8	X	X	Gills and stomach	Sa

Parasites	Frequency of dominance (%)	Dominance	DI
Glossiphoniidae gen. sp.	4.5	0.10±0.30	88.2
Austrodiplostomum compactum	30.0	0.75±0.24	208.0
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum	13.5	0.07±0.01	0.75
Gyrodactylus sp.	3.3	0.03±0.03	9.98
Scleroductus sp.	9.0	0.005±0	0.0
Capillaria (Neocapillaria) pterophylli	4.5	0.02±0.16	2592.0

Parasites	Frequency of dominance (%)	Dominance	DI
Austrodiplostomumcompactum	13.5	0.02±0.02	1.17
Magnivitellinumcorvitellinum	23.3	0.125±0.15	7.73
Placobdella sp.	0	0.09±0.19	10.0
Gyrodactylus sp.	45.4	0.68±0.45	20.6
Scleroductus sp.	0	0.03±0.03	2.25

Points of the river	H	J’	d	S_H /S_M
Mouth of the Peixe River	0.99±0.74	0.87±0.09	1.54±0.65	1.00
Cabeça de Boi Pond	1.03±0.53	0.86±0.12	1.73±1.01	1.25

Parasites	t	p
Austrodiplostomum compactum	2.88	0.008
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum	-1.0	0.32
Gyrodactylus sp.	-3.46	0.002
Scleroductus sp.	-1.36	0.18
Richness	1.0	0.32
Mean species richness	1.18	0.25
Mean total abundance	-1.34	0.19
Brillouin’s diversity index	-1.50	0.17
Pielou´s evenness index	0.01	1.00
Margalef´s richness index	-0.94	0.37

Characteristics	t	p
Mean species richness	1.18	0.25
Mean total abundance	-1.34	0.19
Brillouin’s diversity index	-1.50	0.17
Pielou´s evenness index	0.01	1.00
Margalef´s richness index	-0.94	0.37

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[TFN1] *Species importance based on prevalence: Co, core species (prevalence higher than 66.66%); Se, secondary species (prevalence from 33.33 to 66.66%); Sa, satellite species (prevalence lower than 33.33%).

Parasites	Parasitic abundance X total length		Parasitic abundance X weight
	Mouth of the Peixe River	Cabeça de Boi Pond	Mouth of the Peixe River	Cabeça de Boi Pond
	r_s	r_s	r_s	r_s
Digenea
Austrodiplostomum compactum	-1.86	0.09	-1.09	0.09
Magnivitellinum corvitellinum	0.26	0.06	-0.49	0.07
Hirudinea
Glossiphoniidae gen. sp.	-0.01	X	0.91	X
Placobdella sp.	X	0.18	X	0.21
Monogenea
Gyrodactylussp.	0.30	0.31*	0.78	0.34
Scleroductus sp.	-0.20	0.18	-1.07	0.23
Nematoda
Capillaria ( Neocapillaria ) pterophylli	-0.43	X	-0.67	X