Geo-environmental zoning using physiographic compartmentalization: a proposal for supporting sustainable decision-making

CORRÊA, CLAUDIA V.S.; REIS, FÁBIO A.G.V.; GIORDANO, LUCILIA C.; BRESSANE, ADRIANO; CHAVES, CAMILA J.; AMARAL, ANA MARIA C. DO; BRITO, HERMES D.; MEDEIROS, GERSON A. DE

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201720160915

CLAUDIA V.S. CORRÊA

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

FÁBIO A.G.V. REIS

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

LUCILIA C. GIORDANO

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

ADRIANO BRESSANE

Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Três de Março, 511, Aparecidinha, 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil

CAMILA J. CHAVES

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

ANA MARIA C. DO AMARAL

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

HERMES D. BRITO

Pós-Graduação em Geociências e Meio Ambiente, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil

GERSON A. DE MEDEIROS

Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Três de Março, 511, Aparecidinha, 18087-180 Sorocaba, SP, Brazil

Correspondence to: Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira Reis E-mail: fabioreis@rc.unesp.br

Analysis of textural density	Classes
Elements of analysis	Elements of drainage and relief
Analysis criteria	Density of drainage elements	Low	Medium	High
	Density of drainage elements	0 to 5/10 km²	5 to 30/10 km²	> 30 km²
	Density of elements relief	Low	Medium	High
Property to be interpreted	Permeability (intergranular)	High	Medium	Low
Aplications	Relationship runoff/ infiltration	Low	Medium	High
Analysis of forms and relief characteristics	Classes
Elements of analysis	Slopes, tops, valleys, slope ruptures, ridges and scarps
Analysis criteria	Local amplitude	Small	Medium	Big
	Local amplitude	0 to 100 meters	100 to 300 meters	> 300 meters
	Slope	Low	Medium	High
	Slope	0 - 15%	15 - 30%	> 30%
	Forms of slope	Convex	Concave	Straight
	Forms of valley	Open	----------	Closed
	Forms of top	Planed	Rounded	Angular
Property to be interpreted	Resistance to natural erosion	Low	Medium	High
Property to be interpreted	Resistance to natural erosion
Aplications	Depth of the bedrock	Deep	Intermediate	Shallow to outcropping sub
	Thickness of unconsolidated materials	Thick	Intermediate	Thin to nonexistent
	Degree of excavability	Low resistant	Medium resistant	Very resistant
	Potential to linear erosion (induced)	Medium to high	Medium to high	Medium to low
	Potential to mass moviments	Low	Medium to high	High
Types of relief according proposed by the IPT (1981)	Flooplains and fluvial terraces		Mounds, hilllocks and hills	Mountains

Physiographic unit	Geology		Photoanalysis
		Analysis of textural density			Analysis of forms and relief characteristics
		Drainage texture	Texture of relief elements	Altimetry amplitude	Slope	Forms of slope	Form of valley	Form the top	Specific features
1	Açungui Group	Mica schists, quartz mica schists, quartzites and quartz schists	High	High	Big	High	Straight and concave	Closed	Angular	Oriented ridges
2	Açungui Group	Migmatites	High	High	Big	High	Straight and concave	Closed	Angular	Oriented ridges
3	Açungui Group	Migmatites	High	High	Big	High	Straight	Closed	Angular	Oriented ridges
4	Açungui Group	Migmatites	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Concave	Open	Rounded	---------------
5	Açungui Group	Migmatites	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Concave and convex	Closed and open	Rounded and planed	---------------
6	Ordovician -Upper Precambrian	Cataclastic rocks	High	High	Big	High	Concave	Closed	Rounded	---------------
7	Ordovician -Upper Precambrian	Cataclastic rocks	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Concave and convex	Closed and open	Rounded and planed	---------------
8	Upper Precambrian	Granitic rocks	High	High	Big	High	Concave and convex	Closed and open	Rounded and planed	---------------
9	Upper Precambrian	Granitic rocks	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Concave	Closed	Rounded	---------------
10	Quaternary	Sands, gravels, silts, clay and peat	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex	Open	Planed	Floodplains in mounds
11	Quaternary	Sands, gravels, silts, clay and peat	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex	Open	Planed	Floodplains in mountains
12	Quaternary	Sands, gravels, silts, clay and peat	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex and concave	Open	Rounded and planed	Floodplains in hills
13	Quaternary	Sands, gravels, silts, clay and peat	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex	Open	Planed	Floodplains
14	Taubaté Group	Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales	Medium to high	Medium to high	Medium	Medium	Concave	Closed	Rounded	--------------
15	Taubaté Group	Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Concave	Closed	Rounded	--------------
16	Taubaté Group	Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Convex	----------	Planed	--------------
17	Taubaté Group	Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex	Open	Planed	Fluvial terraces
18	Taubaté Group	Conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones, mudstones and shales	Low	Low	Small	Low	Convex	Open	Planed	Floodplains
19	Middle Precambrian	Granulites and charnockites	High	High	Big	High	Straight	Closed	Rounded to angular	--------------

Physiographic unit	Photointerpretation				Field observations
	Geological-geotechnical characterization
	Permeability (intergranular)	Relationship runoff/ infiltration	Depth of the bedrock	Thickness of unconsolidated materials	Degree of excavability	Potential to linear erosion (induced)	Potential to gravitational movements	Geological process	Land use
1	Low	High	Shallow to outcropping sub	Thin to nonexistent	Very resistant	Medium to low	High	Linear erosion, mass moviments	Pasture Forest Forestry Farmyard
2	Low	High	Shallow to outcropping sub	Thin to nonexistent	Very resistant	Medium to low	High	Linear erosion, mass moviments	Forestry Pasture Farmyard Urban area
3	Low	High	Shallow to outcropping sub	Thin to nonexistent	Very resistant	Medium to low	High	Linear erosion, mass moviments	Forestry Pasture Forest Farmyard Urban area
4	Medium	Medium	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to low	Medium to high	Linear erosion	Pasture Urban area Forest
5	Medium	Medium	Intermediate to deep	Intermediate to thick	Medium a low resistant	Medium to high	Medium	Linear erosion	Pasture Forest
6	Low	High	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium to high	Linear erosion	Pasture Urban area
7	Medium	Medium	Intermediate to deep	Intermediate to thick	Medium a low resistant	Medium to high	Medium	Linear erosion	Pasture
8	Low	High	Intermediate to deep	Intermediate to thick	Medium a low resistant	Medium to high	Medium	Linear erosion	Pasture Farmyard Urban area
9	Medium	Medium	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium to high	Linear erosion	Pasture
10	High	Low	Deep	Thick	Low resistant	Medium to high	Low	Siltation, fluvial erosion	Forest Pasture Urban area
11	High	Low	Deep	Thick	Low resistant	Medium to high	Low	Siltation, fluvial erosion	Pasture Forest
12	Medium	Medium	Deep to intermediate	Thick to intermediate	Low to medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium	Linear erosion	Pasture Forest Urban area
13	High	Low	Deep	Thick	Low resistant	Medium to high	Low	Flood, fluvial erosion, linear erosion	Mining Rice culture Pasture Urban area Forest
14	Medium to low	Medium to high	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium to high	Linear erosion	Mining Rice culture Urban area
15	Medium	Medium	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium to high	Linear erosion, creep	Forest Urban area Pasture
16	Medium	Medium	Intermediate	Intermediate	Medium resistant	Medium to high	Medium to high	Linear erosion, creep	Pasture Forest
17	High	Low	Deep	Thick	Low resistant	Medium to high	Low	Linear erosion	Forest Pasture
18	High	Low	Deep	Thick	Low resistant	Medium to high	Low	Flood, siltation, fluvial erosion	Rice culture Urban area Pasture
19	Low	High	Shallow to outcropping sub	Intermediate to thick	Medium a low resistant	Medium to low	High	Mass movement, linear erosion	Forest Pasture

Class	Weight
Forest	1 (very weak)
Farmyard	2 (weak)
Urban area and forestry	3 (medium)
Pasture and rice culture	4 (strong)
Mining areas	5 (very strong)

Weight	Physiographic units	Characteristics for the definition of weights
1 (very low susceptibility)	16	- Low slopes (less than 10%) - Low potential for occurrence of processes physical environmental
2 (low susceptibility)	12	- Low slopes - Relief of mounds - Sandstone formation may facilitate the occurrence of linear erosion
3 (medium susceptibility)	4, 5, 7, 9, 14	- Medium slopes - Medium amplitudes - Relief of mounds and hills
4 (high susceptibility)	10, 11, 15	- Dissected relief - Medium slopes - Relief of hills to mountains
5 (very high susceptibility)	13, 17, 18	- Low slopes - Areas subject to flooding and silting - Unconsolidated soils with low bearing capacity
5 (very high susceptibility)	1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 19	- High slopes (more than 30%) - High potential for occurrence of dynamic surface processes (landslides, erosion and bearing blocks)

Geoenvironmental zones		Susceptibility to geological process	Main characteristics of geoenvironmental zones	Recommendations
A	A1	Low	- Forests along some drainages and features smooth relief with low slopes - Areas under intense pressure from the surrounding agricultural activities	- Preserve the forests and fragments, especially to serve as a legal reserve of properties that are included in legislation (Brazil 2012) - Increase the integration of the fragments through the establishment of ecological corridors
A	A2	Low	- Isolated points of early stages of linear erosion, especially in places with high slopes (greater than 30%) - Large patches of remnant forest and secondary vegetation (farmyard)	- Preserving these forests and fragments and restoring secondary vegetation, especially on slopes that are greater than 20⁰
B		Low to medium	- Areas occupied by large pastures, rice culture and urban zones - The linear erosion is the most frequent geodynamic process, which occurs in the form of erosive furrows and gullies - Periodic flooding may occur during periods of heavy rain, especially in locations near the floodplain of the Paraíba do Sul River	- Caution is recommended in regions of rice cultures and pastures. This rice culture is a highly polluting and the pastures, if no good management practices exist, can accelerate erosion - The expansion of urban areas should mainly be controlled near the floodplain of the Paraíba do Sul River
C		Medium	- Dissected relief - Medium slopes - Relief of hills to mountains	- Caution is recommended for the projects that are to be implemented in these places, especially on slopes above 20⁰
D		High	- Low and high slopes - Areas located in the floodplain of the Paraíba do Sul are subject to flooding and silting - In the region of the crystalline basement the main geological processes are mass movements and linear erosion	- The floodplain of the Paraíba do Sul region is protected by the Environmental Protection Area of “Banhado” and by the Zoning Mining Environmental of Paraíba do Sul River - The region of the crystalline basement should be sheltered from anthropic use and designated as Permanent Preservation Areas to minimize the geological processes
E		Very high	- Mining areas of sand in the floodplain of the Paraíba do Sul River - High potential for occurrence of siltation, fluvial erosion and floods	- The geological processes that occur at this site should be frequently monitored - Forest recovery should be realized to reduce the aforementioned geological processes

[1] Correspondence to: Fábio Augusto Gomes Vieira Reis E-mail: fabioreis@rc.unesp.br

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Geo-environmental zoning using physiographic compartmentalization: a proposal for supporting sustainable decision-making

ABSTRACT