| Squamous head and lung cancer |
Induced secretion of TNFα and IL-1β |
Monocytes |
In vitro |
(Gärtner et al. 2018GÄRTNER K, BATTKE C, DÜNZKOFER J, HÜLS C, VON NEUBECK B, KELLNER M-K, FIESTAS E, FACKLER S, LANG S ZEIDLER R. 2018. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles activate primary monocytes. Cancer Med 7: 2013-2020.) |
| Colorectal cancer |
Increased CD14+ in M0 and HLA-DR in M1 and M2 macrophages |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Popěna et al. 2018POPĚNA I, ABOLS A, SAULITE L, PLEIKO K, ZANDBERGA E, JĚKABSONS K, ENDZELIŅŠ E, LLORENTE A, LINĚ A RIEKSTIŅA U. 2018. Effect of colorectal cancer-derived extracellular vesicles on the immunophenotype and cytokine secretion profile of monocytes and macrophages. Cell Commun Signal 16: 1-12.) |
| Upregulation of PD-L1 |
CD206+ TAMs |
In vitro |
(Yin et al. 2022YIN Y ET AL. 2022. Colorectal Cancer-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Promote Tumor Immune Evasion by Upregulating PD-L1 Expression in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Adv Sci 9: 2102620.) |
| Breast cancer |
Upregulation of PD-L1 |
Macrophages |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Yao et al. 2020YAO X, TU Y, XU Y, GUO Y, YAO F ZHANG X. 2020. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced exosomal miR-27a-3p promotes immune escape in breast cancer via regulating PD-L1 expression in macrophages. J Cell Mol Med 24: 9560-9573.) |
| Production of G-CSF, IL6, CCL2, and TNFα |
Macrophages |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Chow et al. 2014CHOW A ET AL. 2014. Macrophage immunomodulation by breast cancer-derived exosomes requires Toll-like receptor 2-mediated activation of NF-κ B. Sci Rep 4: 5750.) |
| Decreased expression of KDM6B and M2 polarization |
Macrophages |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Xun et al. 2021XUN J ET AL. 2021. Cancer-derived exosomal miR-138-5p modulates polarization of tumor-Associated macrophages through inhibition of KDM6B. Theranostics 11: 6847.) |
| Increased expression of CD163, MERKT, CD88, CD204, and PD-L1 |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Tkach et al. 2022TKACH M ET AL. 2022. Extracellular vesicles from triple negative breast cancer promote pro-inflammatory macrophages associated with better clinical outcome. PNAS 119: e2107394119.) |
| Glioblastoma |
Increased expression of arginase-1, IL-10, and CD206 |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Azambuja et al. 2020AZAMBUJA JH, LUDWIG N, YERNENI SS, BRAGANHOL E WHITESIDE TL. 2020. Arginase-1+ exosomes from reprogrammed macrophages promote glioblastoma progression. Int J Mol Sci 21: 3990.) |
| Gastric cancer |
Increased expression of CD206, IL-10, and CCL1 |
PD1+ Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Wang et al. 2018WANG F ET AL. 2018. Tumor-derived exosomes induce PD1+ macrophage population in human gastric cancer that promotes disease progression. Oncogenesis 7: 41.) |
| Melanoma |
Decreased HLA-DR expression and increased IL-6 and CCL2 |
M-MDSC |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Huber et al. 2018HUBER V ET AL. 2018. Tumor-derived microRNAs induce myeloid suppressor cells and predict immunotherapy resistance in melanoma. J Clin Invest 128: 5505-5516.) |
| Increased PD-L1, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and COX-2 |
M-MDSC |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Fleming et al. 2019FLEMING V ET AL. 2019. Melanoma extracellular vesicles generate immunosuppressive myeloid cells by upregulating PD-L1 via TLR4 signaling. Cancer Res 79: 4715-4728.) |
| Increased expression of IL1β, CCL1, CCL2, and CD80 |
M1 macrophages |
In vitro |
(Gerloff et al. 2020GERLOFF D, LÜTZKENDORF J, MORITZ RKC, WERSIG T, MÄDER K, MÜLLER LP SUNDERKÖTTER C. 2020. Melanoma-derived exosomal mir-125b-5p educates tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) by targeting lysosomal acid lipase A (LIPA). Cancers (Basel) 12: 464.) |
| Renal cancer |
Production of ROS and NO, secretion of IL-10 and TGF-β and arginase activity |
M-MDSC |
In vivo and in vitro |
(Gao et al. 2020GAO Y, XU H, LI N, WANG H, MA L, CHEN S, LIU J, ZHENG Y ZHANG Y. 2020. Renal cancer-derived exosomes induce tumor immune tolerance by MDSCs-mediated antigen-specific immunosuppression. Cell Commun Signal 18: 106.) |
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma |
Activation of the NF-kB pathway increased iMMP9 production and expression of COX2, PEG2, and VEGF |
Monocytes |
In vitro |
(Momen-Heravi & Bala 2018MOMEN-HERAVI F BALA S. 2018. Extracellular vesicles in oral squamous carcinoma carry oncogenic miRNA profile and reprogramme monocytes via NF-κB pathway. Oncotarget 9: 34838.) |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Increased expression of PD-L1 and increased secretion of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and TNF-α |
Macrophages |
In vitro and in vivo |
(Cheng et al. 2017CHENG L ET AL. 2017. Exosomes from melatonin treated hepatocellularcarcinoma cells alter the immunosupression status through STAT3 pathway in macrophages. Int J Biol Sci 13: 723.) |
| Pancreatic cancer |
Arrest T cell and increased expression of PD-1, TIGIT, and CTLA4 |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Wang & Gao 2021WANG S GAO Y. 2021. Pancreatic cancer cell-derived microRNA-155-5p-containing extracellular vesicles promote immune evasion by triggering EHF-dependent activation of Akt/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 100: 107990.) |
| Increased secretion VEGF, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, and TNFα |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Linton et al. 2018LINTON SS, ABRAHAM T, LIAO J, CLAWSON GA, BUTLER PJ, FOX T, KESTER M MATTERS GL. 2018. Tumor-promoting effects of pancreatic cancer cell exosomes on THP-1-derived macrophages. PLoS ONE 13: e0206759.) |
| Lung cancer |
Increased expression of IL-10, CCL18, and VEGF-A |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Hsu et al. 2018HSU YL, HUNG JY, CHANG WA, JIAN SF, LIN YS, PAN YC, WU CY KUO PL. 2018. Hypoxic Lung-Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA-103a Increases the Oncogenic Effects of Macrophages by Targeting PTEN. Mol Ther 26: 568-581.) |
| Ovarian cancer |
Increased expression of CD206, IL-10 and arginase-1 |
Macrophages |
In vitro |
(Chen et al. 2018CHEN X, ZHOU J, LI X, WANG X, LIN Y WANG X. 2018. Exosomes derived from hypoxic epithelial ovarian cancer cells deliver microRNAs to macrophages and elicit a tumor-promoted phenotype. Cancer Lett 435: 80-91.) |
| Glioma |
Increased expression of TGF-β and IL-10 |
MDSCs |
In vitro |
(Guo et al. 2018aGUO X, QIU W, LIU Q, QIAN M, WANG S, ZHANG Z, GAO X, CHEN Z, XUE H LI G. 2018a. Immunosuppressive effects of hypoxia-induced glioma exosomes through myeloid-derived suppressor cells via the miR-10a/Rora and miR-21/Pten Pathways. Oncogene 37: 4239-4259.) |
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