Phytosociological analysis of the mesophilic forest of the San Pedro volcano (Guatemala)

GARCÍA-FUENTES, ANTONIO; PARDO-VILLEGAS, PEDRO D.; TORRES-CORDERO, JUAN ANTONIO; CORNIDE, JOAQUÍN GIMÉNEZ DE AZCÁRATE

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220210445

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ECOSYSTEMS • An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 94 (suppl 4) • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202220210445 copy

Phytosociological analysis of the mesophilic forest of the San Pedro volcano (Guatemala)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

From a standpoint of phytosociological research, little is known about the phytocoenosis found on the volcanoes of Central America. This paper analyses the distribution of the vegetation on the volcano of San Pedro in terms of its species-richness, composition, structure and abundance, and the possible relationships between these components and the changes in elevation and orientation that occur there. We divided the study area into three altitudinal belts between 2,400 and 3,020 m a.s.l. where carried out 36 inventories, each one in an area of 0.1 ha. We then applied multivariate analysis to classify and order the data in the matrix obtained from the frequency of the sampled plants. Our results lead us to propose two mixed cloud-forest associations within the class Alnetea acuminatae. The first, Saurauio oreophilae-Alnetum acuminatae ass. nova, is found on the more humid western side, while the second, Adianto andicolae-Quercetum peduncularis ass. nova, appears in sunnier and less shady sites, mainly on the east face. As part of this latter association, we also identified the new subassociation festucetosum amplissimae subass. nova. These syntaxa are part of the alliance Oreopanacion xalapensis all. nova, which we have created to embrace the mesophytic montane forests dominated by broad-leaved species.

Key words
Alnetea acuminatae; cloud forest; Phytosociology; vegetation; volcanic mountain

Station	Altitude (m a.s.l.)	Tp	Pp	Io	Iod ₂	It	Bioclime	Thermotype	Ombrotype
Santiago Atitlán (Sololá)	1,605	2,282.7	1,299	6	0.3	545	Tropical Pluviseasonal	upper Thermotropical	upper Subhumid
San Marcos	2,447	1,549	1,853	12	0.6	330	Tropical Pluviseasonal	upper Mesotropical	lower Humid
Todos Santos Cuchumatán	2,706	1,690.8	1,279	8	0.2	363	Tropical Pluviseasonal	upper Mesotropical	lower Humid

Grou p	A													B					C
Relevé	I.A.1	I.A.2	III.A.3	IV.A.1	IV.A.2	IV.A.3	I.B.1	I.B.2	III.B.1	III.B.2	III.B.3	IV.B.1	IV.B.2	III.A.1	III.A.2	III.C.2	III.C.3	II.C.3	IV.B.3	I.C.1	III.C.1	IV.C.1	IV.C.2	IV.C.3
Altitude (Dm)	290	291	290	285	290	301	270	270	270	285	270	270	270	290	290	250	245	250	273	254	260	250	248	239
Cover (%)	98	96	98	100	98	100	100	97	90	89	93	100	99	98	100	96	93	96	99	99	99	100	93	95
Slope (%)	31	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	44	33	32	32	29	31	31	31	29	23	30	26	24
Orientation	NE	NE	SW	NW	NW	NW	NE	NE	SW	SW	SW	NW	NW	SW	SW	SW	SW	SE	NW	NE	SW	NW	NW	NW
Number of species	19	23	21	25	21	24	19	25	13	14	20	16	20	22	18	20	27	18	19	20	18	20	28	21
Characteristics of the association:
Alnus acuminata	2	2	1	2	1	1	+	+	1	+	1	+	+	1	1	+	2	1	1	1	+	1	+	1
Saurauia oreophila	2	1	1	2	1	1	+	2	2	2	1	2	1	+	+	+	1	2	2	1	2	2	2	2
Fuchsia arborescens	2	1	1	1	1	.	.	1	.	.	1	2	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	.	1	1	1	1
Meliosma idiopoda	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	2	2	1	1	2	.	.	1	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.
Oreopanax echinops	2	2	2	1	1	2	1	1	2	+	1	2	.	+	1	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.
Ardisia venosa	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	2	.	.	2	.	1	.	.	2	1	.	1	2	2	.	.	1
Polypodium alansmithii	.	1	.	1	.	.	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Neonelsonia acuminata	.	.	.	.	.	.	3	2	.	.	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	1	2	2	3	3	.	.
Characteristics of Quercus peduncularis variant:
Quercus peduncularis	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	+	1	1	+	.	.	.	.	.	.
Schistocarpha sp.	.	.	1	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.
Adiantum andicola	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	2	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	.
Zeugites munroanus	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	.	.	.	2	.	.	.
Quercus crispifolia	.	.	.	.	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	1	2	2
Quercus ocoteifolia	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Characteristics of Prunus salasii variant:
Prunus salasii	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	2	.	1	.	.	.	1	.	1	2	2	1	1	1
Billia hippocastanum	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	1	1	+	1	1
Piper martensianum	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	1	1	.
Characteristics of higher syntaxonomic units and transgressives:
Oreopanax xalapensis	+	+	1	2	2	1	.	1	.	.	1	.	2	.	.	2	1	.	1	1	2	2	2	2
Arracacia donnell-smithii	3	2	2	1	.	.	.	.	2	2	2	2	.	2	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	1
Ocotea salvinii	2	.		1		1		.		1		2		1		2		.		2		2		2
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon	.		1		.		1		.		.		.		.		2		.		.		.
Parathesis sp.	.		.		.		1		.		.		.		1		.		2		2		.
Polystichum ordinatum	2		1		.		.		2		.		.		.		.		.		.		.
Clethra mexicana	1		2		1		.		+		.		.		.		2		.		.		1
Begonia oaxacana	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	1	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	1	1	.
Cestrum pacayense	1	.	2	1	1	1	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Tournefortia acutiflora	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	1	.	1	.	.	.	1	1	1	.	1	1	.	.
Goodyera striata	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.
Asplenium monanthes	.	1	2	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Fuchsia microphylla	.	1	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.
Viburnum jucundum	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	2	.	1	.	1	1
Phanerophlebia macrosora	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	1	2	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Peperomia blanda var. humilis	.	1	1	2	1	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Peperomia galioides	.	1	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1
Sibthorpia repens	.	.	1	1	1	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Smilax moranensis	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	1	.	.	1	.	1	.
Clethra pachecoana	.	.	.	2	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Euonymus enantiophyllus	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	2	1
Bomarea acutifolia	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Pinus pseudostrobus	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Monstera siltepecana	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2
Companions:
Solanum appendiculatum	.	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	1	.	1	1	1	2	.	2	1	2
Maianthemum flexuosum	1	.	2	2	2	1	.	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	1	2	2	.	1	1	1	.	1	1
Senecio cobanensis	1	1	.	2	.	1	.	1	1	.	1	.	1	.	.	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.
Roldana heterogama	1	2	.	1	.	1	.	1	1	.	.	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.
Salvia curtiflora	1	1	1	.	1	1	1	.	.	.	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.
Centropogon grandidentatus	1	1	1	1	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Verbesina apleura	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	2	2	2	.	.	2	.	.	.
Cestrum guatemalense	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	2	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	1
Roldana gilgii	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	1	.	1	.	.	1	.	.	.
Urera caracasana	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	1	1	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	.	2	.	.
Valeriana scandens var. candolleana	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	1	2	.	.	.	.	.	1
Bidens squarrosa	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	1	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Iresine calea	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	.	.	1	.	.	.
Commelina sp.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	2	2	.	.	.	2
Uncinia hamata	.	1	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Asplenium sp.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	1	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Critoniadelphus nubigenus	.	1	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Clematis grossa	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.
Monnina xalapensis	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Buddleja nitida	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.

Relevé	I.A.3	II.A.1	II.A.2	II.A.3	I.B.3	II.B.1	II.B.2	II.B.3	I.C.2	I.C.3	II.C.1	II.C.2
Altitude (Dm)	295	295	295	290	284	283	284	284	247	250	250	250
Cover (%)	95	95	97	97	95	97	97	98	99	98	94	98
Slope (%)	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	32	35	32	32	32
Orientation	NE	SE	SE	SE	NE	SE	SE	SE	NE	NE	SE	SE
Number of species	21	15	21	21	24	13	14	16	19	13	14	16
Characteristics of the association:
Quercus peduncularis	2	3	3	3	2	3	3	3	3	2	3	3
Adiantum andicola	1	2	1	1	1	1	.	1	2	2	2	2
Alnus acuminata	2	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	.	.
Chiranthodendron pentadactylon	.	.	.	.	1	1	1	2	1	1	.	.
Fuchsia arborescens	1	.	1	.	1	.	1	1	.	.	.	.
Fuchsia microphylla	.	.	1	.	.	1	1	1	.	.	.	1
Characteristics of the festucetosum amplissimae subass. nova :
Festuca amplissima	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	.	.	.	.
Galium mexicanum	1	2	1	1	.	2	1	1	.	.	1	.
Salvia lasiantha	1	2	2	2	1	2	1	1	.	.	.	.
Characteristics of higher syntaxonomic units and transgressives:
Arbutus xalapensis	1	1	+	2	1	+	1	1	+	+	+	1
Brachypodium mexicanum	1	.	1	.	1	2	2	1	.	1	2	2
Neonelsonia acuminata	1	.	.	.	1	2	2	2	1	.	2	2
Phanerophlebia macrosora	1	2	2	1	.	1	2	1	.	.	.	.
Maianthemum flexuosum	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	1	1
Roldana gilgii	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	1
Ceanothus caeruleus	1	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	1	.	.	.
Arracacia donnell - smithii	.	1	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Zeugites munroanus	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	.	.
Quercus ocoteifolia	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	2	2	2
Oreopanax xalapensis	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Pinus pseudostrobus	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	1	.	.	.
Viburnum hartwegii	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1
Companions:
Pteridium aquilinum	1	.	1	1	.	.	.	1	1	.	.	.
Arenaria sp.	1	.	1	1	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.
Stevia lucida var. oaxacana	1	1	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Lupinus montanus	.	1	1	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Calea integrifolia	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	2	.	.	.	.
Geranium andicola	1	1	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Archibaccharis corymbosa	.	1	1	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Senecio cobanensis	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	1	.	.
Roldana acutangula	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	1	1
Roldana barba-johannis	.	.	.	1	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Lopezia hirsuta	2	.	.	2	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Buddleja nitida	1	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	.	.
Pseudognaphalium liebmannii	.	.	.	.	1	.	.	.	.	.	1	.
Euphorbia orizabae	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	.	1	1

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[1] Correspondence to: Antonio García-Fuentes E-mail: agarcia@ujaen.es