A low-protein, high carbohydrate diet induces increase in serum adiponectin and preserves glucose homeostasis in rats

CEOLIN, PATRÍCIA; FRANÇA, SUÉLEM A. DE; FROELICH, MENDALLI; SANTOS, MAÍSA P. DOS; PEREIRA, MAYARA P.; QUEIROZ, THAÍS S.; SILVA, FLÁVIA H.S. DA; LISBOA, PATRÍCIA C.; ANDRADE, CLAUDIA M.B.; BAVIERA, AMANDA M.; KAWASHITA, NAIR H.

doi:10.1590/0001-3765201920180452

PATRÍCIA CEOLIN

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

SUÉLEM A. DE FRANÇA

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

MENDALLI FROELICH

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

MAÍSA P. DOS SANTOS

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

MAYARA P. PEREIRA

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

THAÍS S. QUEIROZ

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

FLÁVIA H.S. DA SILVA

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

PATRÍCIA C. LISBOA

Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 5º andar, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

CLAUDIA M.B. ANDRADE

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

AMANDA M. BAVIERA

Departamento de Análises Clínicas Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Expedicionários do Brasil, 1621, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil

NAIR H. KAWASHITA

Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-657X

Correspondence to: Nair Honda Kawashita E-mail: nairhonda@terra.com.br ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-657X

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Researchers P.C. and S.A.F. carried out biochemical analyzed and carcass composition. M.F. and M.P.S. carried out hormonal analyses. M.P.P. and T.S.Q. carried out lipid and glycogen determinations and F.H.S.S. carried out oral glucose tolerance test. Researchers P.C.L., C.M.B.A. and A.M.B. read the manuscript and contributed to the discussion. N.H.K. designed the experiment, helped analyze the data, wrote the manuscript, and supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Daily food intake (g·100g-1 b.w.)
(1-15 days)	11.7±0.3^a	14.9±0.5^b	14.9±0.5^b	21.33
(16-45 days)	6.7±0.2^a	8.6±0.2^b	7.4±0.3^a	21.38
Total food intake (g·100g-1 b.w.)
(1-45 days)	376.4±4.8^a	479.8±6.9^b	446.7±7.6^c	72.36
Total protein intake (g·100g-1 b.w.)
(1-45 days)	64.0±0.8^a	28.9±0.4^b	51.3±1.0^c	525.3

Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Initial body weight (g)	98.5±3.2^a	96.8±2.2^a	95.9±1.6^a	0.78
Final body weight (g)	368.5±3.1^a	303.2±6.5^b	350.0±8.9^a	27.24
Lee index	299.7±3.2^a	297.5±2.6^a	294.6±2.5^a	0.80

	Tissue weights (g·100g^-1 b.w.)				Lipids (mg· g^-1 of tissue)
Variable	C⁴⁵	LPHC⁴⁵	R	F	C⁴⁵	LPHC⁴⁵	R	F
Liver	3.61±0.09^a	3.88±0.15^a	3.77±0.14^a	1.10	19.1±2.1^ab	29.5±5.7^a	15.5±2.3^b	3.57
Retroperitoneal	1.97±0.12^a	2.09±0.11^a	1.86±0.14^a	0.86	-	-	-	-
Epididymal	2.11±0.13^a	2.26±0.09^a	2.07±0.19^a	0.61	-	-	-	-
Perirenal	0.35±0.04^a	0.35±0.02^a	0.35±0.02^a	1.00	-	-	-	-
IBAT	0.16±0.01^a	0.25±0.01 ^b	0.18±0.01^a	22.33	-	-	-	-
					Glycogen (mg· g^-1 of tissue)
Liver	3.61±0.09^a	3.88±0.15^a	3.77±0.14^a	1.10	21.5±5.9^a	90.3±16.1^b	29.7±7.2^a	13.81
Soleus	0.083±0.003^a	0.077±0.004 ^a	0.081±0.002 ^a	0.96	1.07±0.42^a	0.82±0.30^a	1.62±0.48^a	0.49
EDL	0.080±0.002^a	0.070±0.001^b	0.077±0.002^a	8.77	0.70±0.42^a	0.44±0.12^a	0.23±0.13^a	0.97

Carcass composition
Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Carcass weight (g)	271.5±9.2^a	247.7±12.3^a	281.5±8.9^a	2.85
Water (%)	58.7±1.0^a	54.2±1.2^a	56.8±1.7 ^a	2.74
Fat (%)	14.0±1.4^a	21.7±1.9^b	16.9±2.2^a,b	4.36
Protein (%)	21.1±0.7^a	16.5±0.7^b	20.0±0.7^a	11.78
Ash (%)	6.2±0.3^a	7.6±0.1^b	6.3±0.3^a	9.63
Energetic balance
Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Daily energy intake (kJ·100g^-1b.w.)	83.7±1.1^a	102.9±1.3^b	88.1±0.4^c	106.32
Total energy intake (kJ·100g^-1b.w.)	3766.8±46.9^a	4617.1±53.6^b	3962.5±17.4^c	110.49
Energy gain(kJ·100g^-1b.w.)	827.0±47.7^a	1000.0±67.2^a	907.5±86.2^a	1.58
Energy expenditure (kJ·100g^-1b.w.)	4188.8±80.5^a	5185.0±129.3^b	4394.0±77.7^a	28.40
Carcass energy (kJ·100g^-1b.w.)	1055.9±41.7^a	1252.0±59.3^a	1128.1±81.9^a	2.47
Baseline carcass ( kJ)	618.4±29.1^a	618.4±29.1^a	618.4±29.1^a	2.86

Biochemical analyses
Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Fed glycemia (mg·dL^-1)	129±7 ^a	120±4 ^a	130±8 ^a	0.64
Total protein (g·dL^-1)	6.4±0.2^a	5.0±0.2^b	7.0±0.2^a	22.82
Urea (mg·dL^-1)	38±2^a	17±1^b	38±1^a	96.74
ALT (U·dL^-1)	30±3^a	34±3^a	33±23^a	0.48
AST (U·dL^-1)	113±11^a	91±7^a	86±3^a	3.38
Triglycerides (mg·dL^-1)	139±9^a	123±6^a	150±13^a	1.92
Total cholesterol (mg·dL^-1)	143±7^ab	127±8^a	162±10^b	4.51
HDL-cholesterol (mg·dL^-1)	105±8^a	59±7^b	87±8^a	23.56
Free fatty acid (Eq·mL^-1)	222±22^a	144±9^b	189±11^ab	6.33
Hormones and cytokines analyses
Variable	C₄₅	LPHC₄₅	R	F
Fed insulin (ng·mL^-1)	1.260±0.235 ^a	0.738±0.049 ^a	2.874±0.745 ^b	9.92
Glucagon (ng·mL^-1)	0.321±0.016 ^a	0.257±0.027 ^ab	0.245±0.014^b	4.69
Leptin (ng·mL^-1)	5.51±1.87^a	5.68±1.38^a	6.33±0.95^a	0.09
T3 (ng·mL^-1)	2.48±0.02^a	2.65±0.06^b	2.62±0.03^ab	4.19
T4 (ng·mL^-1)	3.08±0.01^a	3.10±0.01^ab	3.12±0.01^b	6.23
TNFα (pg·mL^-1)	248.51±32.93^a	257.37±16.52^a	276.17±38.00^a	0.21
Corticosterone (ng·mL^-1)	20.27±3.05^a	24.56±5.50^a	12.85±3.50^a	2.03

[1] Correspondence to: Nair Honda Kawashita E-mail: nairhonda@terra.com.br ORCid: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-657X