Figure 1
Monthly average of temperature, precipitation and historical precipitation recorded by the Meteorological Station of Agronomic Institute of Paraná, Pato Branco, PR, from February to December 2013 and January 2014. The black arrows in the figure indicate the collection months. The black arrow on the left corresponds to corn flowering (April 2013). The black arrow to the right corresponds to the soybean flowering (January 2014).
Figure 2
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 0-10 (a) and 10-20 cm layer (b), managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in April / 2013. Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 3
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 20-30 (a) and 0-10 cm layer (b), managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in April / 2013 (20-30 cm layer) and January / 2014 (0-10 cm layer). Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 4
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 10-20 cm layer, managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in January / 2014. Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 5
Dendogram hierarchically formed between abiotic soil variables, chemical attributes and representatives of the soil fauna in the layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm (a, b and c) obtained in April / 2013 and in layers 0-10 and 10-20 cm (d and e) obtained in January / 2014 in a long-term experiment in Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow.
Figure 2
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 0-10 (a) and 10-20 cm layer (b), managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in April / 2013. Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 3
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 20-30 (a) and 0-10 cm layer (b), managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in April / 2013 (20-30 cm layer) and January / 2014 (0-10 cm layer). Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 4
Relative frequency (%) the individuals the soil fauna, in the 10-20 cm layer, managed in a long-term experiment under Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Sampling held in January / 2014. Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow. Ar = Arachnida, Ch = Chilopod, Col = Coleoptera, Isop = Isoptera, Dip = Diptera, HyF = Formicidae, Hy = Hymenoptera, O = Oligochaeta, Eq = Enchitreids, Ort = Orthoptera, Dipl = Diplopoda, Is = Isopoda, D = Dermaptera, Lc = curculioniform larvae, Ler = Eruciform larvae, Les = Scarabaeiform larvae and Lver = Vermiform larvae.
Figure 5
Dendogram hierarchically formed between abiotic soil variables, chemical attributes and representatives of the soil fauna in the layers of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm (a, b and c) obtained in April / 2013 and in layers 0-10 and 10-20 cm (d and e) obtained in January / 2014 in a long-term experiment in Conventional Farming System (CFS) and No-tillage (NT). Pato Branco, PR, Brazil. NF = Native forest, OB = Black oat, VH = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow.
Table I
Physical and chemical properties of a clayey Rhodic Hapludox in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layer under no-tillage system (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) with three winter crops (BO = Black oat, HV – Hairy vetch and F - Fallow) during 30 years. NF = Native Forest.
Table II
Soil temperature and soil moisture content of a clayey Rhodic Hapludox in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layer under no-tillage system (NT) and conventional farming system (CFS) with three winter crops (black oat, hairy vetch and fallow) during 30 years.
Table III
Density the individuals the soil fauna, in the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm layer, managed in a long-term experiment under No-tillage System (NT) and Conventional Farming System (CFS) with three winter crops (BO = Black oat, HV = Hairy vetch and F = Fallow) during 30 years. NF = Native Forest.