Table I
Study areas and representation of interviewed artisanal fishermen.
Table II
Criteria used for the identification of fishers who recognized franciscana dolphin to the species level (Pontoporia blainvillei) (Gervais & D’Orbigny, 1844).
Group of Variables
Functions of Pertinence/Proposition
Linguistic Terms
Literature
Distribution pattern
Correct
Northern coast of Espírito Santo
‘the beach here in the north’
Siciliano et al. 2002, Freitas Netto & Barbosa 2003, Secchi et al. 2003b, Freitas Netto & Di Beneditto 2008, Culik 2011, Cunha et al. 2014, Amaral et al. 2018
Rio Doce River mouth
‘exactly in front of the river mouth’
Regência coast
‘only close to Regência’
Barra do Riacho Coast
‘in front of Barra do Riacho’
Northern coast of Rio de Janeiro
‘in the north of Rio de Janeiro, close to the border with Espírito Santo’
Di Beneditto & Ramos 2001, Siciliano et al. 2002, Di Beneditto 2003, Secchi et al. 2003b, Culik 2011, Cunha et al. 2014, Lavandier et al. 2015, Amaral et al. 2018
Atafona coast
‘in front of Atafona’
Cabo de São Thomé
‘close to Cabo de São Thomé, in the São Thomé Lighthouse’
Palmas Island
‘in the surroundings of Palmas’
Rosas & Monteiro-Filho 2002, Secchi & Wang 2002, Secchi et al. 2003b, Culik 2011, Cunha et al. 2014, Amaral et al. 2018
Barra da Baía
‘more often at Barra’
Inner area of the bay and CEP*
‘in the middle of the canal, near Paranaguá, also between Mel Island and Peças Island’
Superagui coast
‘in the coast of the beach and further out, close to Superagui’
Lajinha and Coroa beaches
‘at Lajinha Beach, where the tower collapsed’
Ponta do Areão beach
‘at Ponta do Areião and further out’
Pontal do Paraná boast
‘in the middle of the canal, along the coast, until Mel Island’
Table III
Comparison of LEK by status areas related to franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei Gervais & D’Orbigny, 1844).
Table IV
Characteristics of the artisanal fisheries in the southeastern and southern regions of Brazil according to the reports of the interviewed fishers.
Location
*
Period of fishery
Fishery gear (in order of preference)
Boats
CF
Day and night
Handline (n= 41) Longline (n= 15) Octopus trap (n= 2) Gillnet (n= 1) Stick and hook for Tuna fishery (n=1)
Type: wooden boat with marry and deck; wooden boat without marry and deck. Length: 5 – 15 m. Motor: 22 – 366HP.
AC
Night
Handline (n= 26) Longline (n= 15) Squid net (n= 8) ‘Zagarejo’ (similar to hand line for squid) (n= 4) Trawl net (n= 1)
Type: wooden boat with marry and deck; wooden boat without marry and deck, and trawler. Length: 5 – 12.4 m. Motor: 6 – 140HP.
SI
Day
Gillnet (n= 38) Trawl net (n= 37) Longline (n= 13) ‘Lanço’ (similar to beach siege) (n= 4) ‘Cambal’ (similar to beach siege) (n= 2) Artisanal siege (n=2) ‘Jerivau’ or ‘gerival’ (artifact formed by a stick and gillnets) (n= 1)
Type: wooden boat, canoe, and aluminum boat. Length: 3- 18 m Motor: 7 - 60 HP or rowing.
PI
Day
Gillnet (n= 37) Longline (n= 32) Trawl net (n= 10) ‘Jerivau’ or ‘gerival’ (artifact formed by a stick and gillnets) (n= 4) ‘Cambal’ (similar to small Trawling net) (n= 2) Cast net (n= 2)
Type: wooden boat with marry and deck; wooden boat without marry and deck, and canoe. Length: 3 – 11 m Motor: 5 - 180 HP or rowing.
*Caption: CB – Conceição da Barra; RG – Regência; BR – Barra do Riacho; AN – Anchieta; PM – Piúma; AT – Atafona; CF – Cabo Frio; AC – Arraial do Cabo; SI –Superagui Island; PI – Peças Island.
Table V
Comparison of artisanal fisher’s LEK about the franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei) and status of the need for educational and conservation actions in the study area.
Table VI
Proposed actions aimed at the conservation of the franciscana dolphin.
Proposal
Stakeholders involved
Why?
How?
Strengthen partnerships between fishers, researchers, and environmental managers
Researchers working in the socioenvironmental area, environmental agencies, artisanal fishers, and nongovernmental organizations
To establish trust among stakeholders to facilitate the development and implementation of comanagement aimed at the conservation of the franciscana dolphin, working together with fishing communities
Conducting meetings aimed at comanaging the dialogue between stakeholders, combining the knowledge of fishermen with the technical knowledge of researchers in relation to the biology and ecology of target and nontarget fishing species; developing legislation proposals based on the knowledge of fishermen and environmental agencies
Increase radio communication between stakeholders
Members of fishery communities, employees of fishing institutions, civil servants of the environmental office of city hall and environmental management bodies, researchers from universities, and nongovernmental organizations
To request an order to obtain real-time information related to artisanal fishery activity and bycatch of franciscana dolphins to estimate the impact of fisheries on this dolphin, and this would enable immediate assistance to fishers in cases of adverse situations
Registering information on fishery activities (fishery gear used, environmental conditions, target species, number, and identification of vessels at sea) and incidental capture of franciscana dolphin (characteristics of the entangled animal and the artifact that caused the capture)
Provide instructions on the correct disposal of materials derived from fishing
Artisanal fishers, employees of fishing institutions, civil servants of the environment office, researchers from universities, and nongovernmental organizations
To minimize the irregular disposal of tailings derived from fisheries into the environment, thus minimizing the negative effects of ghost nets on franciscana dolphin and other animals that are not the target of fisheries (for example, other cetaceans, goliath grouper, and turtles)
Conducting monthly meetings in areas used by fishers, such as fisher’s institutions, community associations and fish markets, to determine the proper disposal of waste derived from fisheries, with special attention to the language used, which should be accessible to the interested parties