Biogeographic regionalization of the Neotropical region: New map and shapefile

Abstract

We provide a map and shapefile of the 57 biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region. Recognition of these provinces is based on their endemic species, but their delimitation on the map is based on ecoregions combining climatic, geological, and biotic criteria. These provinces belong to the Antillean, Brazilian and Chacoan subregions, and the Mexican and South American transition zones. We provide a vector file of the biogeographical regionalization by converting the map into a polygon shapefile and a raster file with all provinces.

Key words biogeographic provinces; Neotropics; regionalization; transition zones

INTRODUCTION

The Neotropical region comprises the tropical areas of South America, Central America, southern and central Mexico, and the Antilles (Morrone 2018). In the most recent biogeographic regionalization analyses, 57 provinces have been recognized (Morrone 2014, 2018, 2020, Martínez et al. 2017, Apodaca et al. 2019, Colli-Silva et al. 2019, Arana et al. 2021).

In addition to the different names that these provinces have received (see Morrone 2014), there is little agreement on their precise boundaries, especially when they span over different countries. This is a serious problem, because different authors may consider that they are referring to the same biogeographic province, but their units are not strictly comparable. To unify the different evolutionary biogeographic and ecoregional schemes into a single system, as done for Argentina (Arana et al. 2017, 2021) and Mexico (Morrone et al. 2017), we consider that the boundaries of the ecoregions combining climatic, geological, and biotic criteria with evolutionary units (areas of endemism) are appropriate. Thus, we provide herein a map of the biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region (following Löwenberg-Neto 2014, Morrone 2014, 2017, 2018, 2020, Martínez et al. 2017, Morrone et al. 2017, Apodaca et al. 2019, Colli-Silva et al. 2019, Arana et al. 2021), based on the ecoregions recognized by Olson et al. (2001), and the corresponding shapefile.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The map is based on the modified shapefiles of the ecoregions of Olson et al. (2001) and the provinces of Löwenberg-Neto (2014), Morrone et al. (2017), Apodaca et al. (2019), Colli-Silva et al. (2019) and Arana et al. (2021). To facilitate future biogeographic analyses, we provide a vector file (shapefile; .shp extension).

To draw the map, we used as base map the ‘Terrestrial ecoregions of the world’ (Olson et al. 2001), redrawing the biogeographic provinces with ArcMap v. 10.1 (ESRI 2012) and QGIS v. 2.16.3 (QGIS Development Team 2009). This conversion was made in three steps: (1) the geographic location of each province was based on the georeferenced shapefile called base map, (2) new polygons over province limits were created and (3) province names were inserted into the shapefile table.

In the first step, the Neotropical ecoregions were selected, excluding those that belong to the Nearctic and Andean regions sensu stricto (Morrone 2014, 2015). In the table of the ecoregion’s shapefile, the names of the Morrone’s regionalization (2014) were inserted for ecoregions with perfect correspondence with the provinces. For the Mexican Neotropical provinces, the polygons of Morrone et al. (2017) were merged to the ecoregion shapefile.

In the second step, we modified the boundaries of some ecoregions. Colli-Silva et al. (2019) proposed two provinces for the Brazilian ‘campos rupestres’. The shapefile provided by Colli-Silva et al. (2019) was joined with the ecoregions layer, to incorporate this modification, dissolving and renaming the polygons. For the Colombian paramos, Jorge D. Mercado-Gómez provided a shapefile based on Beltrán et al. (2009), Morales et al. (2007), Schargel (2011), Jiménez-Rivillas et al. (2018) and Gil-Novoa et al. (2020), which was joined, dissolved, and renamed following Morrone (2021). The boundaries of the Esteros del Iberá province in Uruguay were based on Guerrero et al. (2018), Apodaca et al. (2019) and Elián L. Guerrero (pers. comm.), delimiting the polygons with the map of MVOTMA (2021), to represent Apodaca et al.’s (2019) Figure 16 on the map. Regarding the boundaries of the Argentinean provinces, we modified the vertices of some polygons according to Arana et al. (2021). For delineating the boundaries of the Mexican provinces extending to Central America, Morrone et al.’s (2017) polygons were merged with the ecoregions, assigning the forest ecoregions to the Chiapas Highlands province, and the southern lowlands ecoregions to the Pacific Lowlands province.

Figure 1
Biogeographic provinces of the Neotropical region.

In the third step, individual shapefiles were generated for each one of the biogeographic provinces. For each polygon, we added the following information in the shapefile table: province name, and subregion or transition zone. Finally, we transformed the complete and individual shapefiles in raster format at a pixel resolution of 30 seconds of arc (≈1 km² at the Equator) to make them compatible with other sources in raster format (v. gr. Hijmans et al. 2005, Cuervo-Robayo et al. 2014).

RESULTS

The map of the biogeographic provinces is represented in Figure 1. These provinces are classified into three subregions, two transition zones and seven dominions:

Antillean subregion: the Antilles and the Bahamas Islands, with seven provinces (Morrone 2014, 2017).

Brazilian subregion: central and southern Mexico, Central America, and northwestern South America, including four dominions and 27 provinces (Morrone 2014, 2017).

Chacoan subregion: southeastern South America, with three dominions and 11 provinces (Morrone 2014, 2017, Colli-Silva et al. 2019, Arana et al. 2021).

Mexican Transition Zone: mountainous areas of Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua north of lake Nicaragua, with five provinces (Morrone 2014, 2017, 2020).

South American Transition Zone: Andean highlands between western Venezuela and Chile, desert areas of coastal Peru and northern Chile, and central western Argentina, with seven provinces (Morrone 2014, 2017, 2018, Martínez et al. 2017).

The map and metadata are freely available and may be downloaded at neotropicalmap.atlasbiogeografico.com. Maps are in vectorial and raster formats, both in SIRGAS2000 geographic projection for South America and in geographic coordinates.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica (PAPIIT) from the Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (DGAPA, UNAM) under grant IN218520.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Jan 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  20 Aug 2021
• Accepted
  11 Sept 2021