Insect galls from Amazon rainforest areas in Rondônia (Brazil)

PROENÇA, BARBARA; MAIA, VALÉRIA CID

doi:10.1590/0001-3765202320190869

BARBARA PROENÇA

performed laboratory procedures and characterization of the galls

identified the insects

wrote the manuscript

Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratório de Diptera, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-0676

VALÉRIA CID MAIA

participated in the field work

in the preparation of the exsiccates

photographed the galls.

Museu Nacional, Departamento de Entomologia, Laboratório de Diptera, Quinta da Boa Vista, São Cristóvão, 20940-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9396-5618

Correspondence to: Barbara Proença E-mail: bproenca28@gmail.com

Figures (7)
Tables (3)

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Figure 1
Relation between the galling species richness and the plant family size. Spearman: r = 0.78; S = 1565.6, p < 0.001.

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Figures 2-29.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 2) Xylopia sp.: lenticular leaf gall. 3) Adenocalymma sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 4) Adenocalymma sp.2: vermiform leaf vein gall. 5-6) Adenocalymma sp.3: 5) oval tendril gall; 6) fusiform stem gall. 7) Adenocalymma sp.4: globoid leaf gall. 8-10) Adenocalymma coriaceum: 8) conical and hairy leaf gall; 9) conical and glabrous leaf gall; 10) globoid leaf gall. 11-13) Adenocalymma longilineum: 11) globoid stem gall; 12) leaf vein gall; 13) globoid leaf gall. 14) Adenocalymma magnificum: leaf vein gall. 15) Adenocalymma schomburgkii: globoid leaf gall. 16-17) Anemopaegma floridum: 16) fusiform leaf vein gall; 17) marginal leaf roll gall. 18-20) Bignonia: 18) leaf vein gall; 19) petiole gall; 20) globoid stem gall. 21-23) Bignonia nocturna: 21) leaf vein gall; 22) petiole gall; 23) globoid stem gall. 24-25) Bignonia prieurii: 24) leaf vein gall; 25) globoid leaf gall. 26) Callichlamys sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 27-28) Callichlamys latifolia: oval gall. 27) on leaf vein; 28) on stem. 29) Fridericia sp.1: 29) fusiform leaf gall.

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Figures 30-57
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 30) Fridericia sp.1: cylindrical leaf gall. 31) Manaosella cordifolia: globoid tendril gall. 32-33) Stizophyllum riparium: 32) fusiform tendril gall; 33) oval bud gall. 34-39) Tanaecium pyramidatum: 34) fusiform leaf central vein gall; 35) fusiform tendril gall; 36) leaf petiole gall; 37) fusiform stem gall. 38) globoid leaf central vein gall. 39) globoid stem gall. 40-41) Protium unifoliolatum: 40) globoid leaf gall; 41) marginal leaf roll. 42-45) Celtis iguanaea: 42) conical leaf gall; 43) globoid bud and spine gall; 44) globoid spine gall; 45) lenticular gall. 46) Hippocratea: lenticular gall. 47) Prionostemma asperum: lenticular leaf. 48-49) Salacia: 48) globoid leaf gall; 49) globoid leaf gall. 50) Tontelea: conical leaf gall. 51) Couepia: globoid leaf gall. 52) Licania: marginal leaf roll. 53) Symphonia globulifera: 53) marginal leaf roll. 54) Combretum fruticosum: conical leaf gall. 55) Dichapetalum: globoid leaf gall. 56) Dichapetalum pedunculatum: globoid leaf gall. 57) Davilla rugosa: globoid leaf gall.

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Figures 58-85
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 58) Davilla rugosa: lenticular leaf gall. 59) Doliocarpus dentatus: globoid leaf gall. 60) Sloanea: globoid leaf petiole gall. 61) Croton cf. spruceanus: fusiform stem gall. 62) Hevea: globoid leaf gall. 63) Abarema: marginal leaf gall. 64) Anadenanthera peregrina: fusiform stem gall. 65-66) Andira surinamensis: 65) lenticular leaf gall; 66) oval leaf gall. 67) Andira vermifuga: globoid leaf gall. 68) Bauhinia sp.1: oval leaf gall. 69) Bauhinia sp.2: oval leaf vein gall. 70-71) Bauhinia sp.3: 70) globoid stem gall; 71) oval tendril gall. 72) Bauhinia acreana: fusiform stem gall. 73-81) Bauhinia ungulata: 73) fusiform leaf vein gall; 74) conical leaf gall; 75) globoid leaf gall; 76) conical leaf gall; 77) lenticular leaf gall; 78) oval leaf gall; 79) fusiform stem gall; 80) globoid leaf gall; 81) globoid leaf gall. 82) Galactia: globoid stem gall. 83) Hymenolobium excelsum: lenticular leaf gall. 84) Inga: globoid leaf gall. 85) Inga cayennensis: globoid leaf vein gall.

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Figures 86-113
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 86) Inga edulis: globoid leaf gall. 87) Inga heterophylla: fusiform stem gall. 88) Machaerium sp.1: lenticular leaf gall. 89-91) Machaerium sp.2: 89) lenticular leaf gall; 90) conical leaf gall; 91) globoid leaf gall. 92) Machaerium sp.3: cylindrical leaf gall. 93) Machaerium sp.4: globoid stem gall. 94-95) Machaerium amplum: 94) globoid leaf gall; 95) lenticular leaf gall. 96) Mimosa debilis: conical leaf gall. 97) Parkia igneiflora: globoid leaf gall. 98) Peltogyne: globoid leaf gall. 99) Platymiscium filipes: marginal leaf roll. 100) Pterocarpus: fusiform leaf gall. 101-102) Pterocarpus santalinoides: 101) conical leaf gall; 102) lenticular leaf gall. 103) Swartzia: oval leaf gall. 104) Tachigali bracteosa: fusiform stem gall. 105) Zygia ramiflora: globoid leaf gall. 106-110) Vismia guianensis: 106) globoid stem gall; 107) lenticular leaf gall; 108) oval leaf vein gall; 109) marginal leaf roll gall; 110) marginal leaf roll gall. 111) Casimirella sp.1: globoid leaf gall. 112) Casimirella sp.2: conical leaf gall. 113) Casimirella ampla: conical leaf gall.

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Figures 114-141.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 114) Aegiphila: cylindrical leaf gall. 115) Aniba: globoid leaf gall. 116) Eschweilera coriacea: marginal leaf roll gall. 117-118) Byrsonima sp.1: 117) fusiform petiole and leaf vein gall; 118) fusiform, leaf vein gall. 119) Byrsonima sp.2: fusiform petiole leaf gall. 120) Byrsonima sp.3: 120) fusiform stem and petiole gall; 121) Mascagnia: lenticular leaf gall; 122) Melastomataceae not determined: globoid leaf vein gall. 123-124) Guarea guidonia: 123) globoid leaf gall; 124) globoid leaf gall. 125-127) Trichilia: 125) globoid stem gall; 126) globoid leaf gall; 127) conical leaf gall. 128) Cissampelos: globoid bud gall. 129-130) Myrcia splendens: 129) globoid leaf gall; 130) group of rolling leaves gall. 131-132) Neea: 131) fusiform stem gall; 132) globoid leaf gall. 133) Heisteria acuminata: conical leaf gall. 134) Heisteria barbata: fusiform leaf vein gall. 135) Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius: 135) marginal leaf roll gall. 136) Piper: globoid leaf vein gall. 137-138) Piper aduncum: 137) cylindrical leaf gall; 138) conical bud gall. 139) Psychotria: globoid leaf gall. 140-141) Uncaria guianensis: 140) globoid leaf gall; 141) lenticular leaf gall.

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Figures 142-159
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 142-144) Metrodorea flavida: 142) conical leaf gall; 143) lenticular leaf gall; 144) oval tendril gall. 145) Casearia: globoid leaf vein gall. 146-148) Casearia fasciculata: 146) lenticular leaf gall; 147) claviform stem gall; 148) fusiform leaf vein gall. 149-150) Allophylus glabratus: 149) globoid leaf gall; 150) lenticular leaf gall. 151) Paullinia: lenticular leaf gall. 152) Paullinia pinnata: amorphous leaf vein gall. 153) Serjania: fusiform leaf vein gall. 154) Serjania cf. ovalifolia: cylindrical leaf gall. 155) Vouarana guianensis: marginal leaf roll gall. 156) Siparuna guianensis: globoid leaf gall. 157) Cecropia: globoid stem gall. 158) Lantana camara: globoid leaf gall. 159) Rinoreocarpus ulei: fusiform, leaf vein gall.

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Figures 2-29.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 2) Xylopia sp.: lenticular leaf gall. 3) Adenocalymma sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 4) Adenocalymma sp.2: vermiform leaf vein gall. 5-6) Adenocalymma sp.3: 5) oval tendril gall; 6) fusiform stem gall. 7) Adenocalymma sp.4: globoid leaf gall. 8-10) Adenocalymma coriaceum: 8) conical and hairy leaf gall; 9) conical and glabrous leaf gall; 10) globoid leaf gall. 11-13) Adenocalymma longilineum: 11) globoid stem gall; 12) leaf vein gall; 13) globoid leaf gall. 14) Adenocalymma magnificum: leaf vein gall. 15) Adenocalymma schomburgkii: globoid leaf gall. 16-17) Anemopaegma floridum: 16) fusiform leaf vein gall; 17) marginal leaf roll gall. 18-20) Bignonia: 18) leaf vein gall; 19) petiole gall; 20) globoid stem gall. 21-23) Bignonia nocturna: 21) leaf vein gall; 22) petiole gall; 23) globoid stem gall. 24-25) Bignonia prieurii: 24) leaf vein gall; 25) globoid leaf gall. 26) Callichlamys sp.: marginal leaf roll gall. 27-28) Callichlamys latifolia: oval gall. 27) on leaf vein; 28) on stem. 29) Fridericia sp.1: 29) fusiform leaf gall.

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Figures 30-57
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 30) Fridericia sp.1: cylindrical leaf gall. 31) Manaosella cordifolia: globoid tendril gall. 32-33) Stizophyllum riparium: 32) fusiform tendril gall; 33) oval bud gall. 34-39) Tanaecium pyramidatum: 34) fusiform leaf central vein gall; 35) fusiform tendril gall; 36) leaf petiole gall; 37) fusiform stem gall. 38) globoid leaf central vein gall. 39) globoid stem gall. 40-41) Protium unifoliolatum: 40) globoid leaf gall; 41) marginal leaf roll. 42-45) Celtis iguanaea: 42) conical leaf gall; 43) globoid bud and spine gall; 44) globoid spine gall; 45) lenticular gall. 46) Hippocratea: lenticular gall. 47) Prionostemma asperum: lenticular leaf. 48-49) Salacia: 48) globoid leaf gall; 49) globoid leaf gall. 50) Tontelea: conical leaf gall. 51) Couepia: globoid leaf gall. 52) Licania: marginal leaf roll. 53) Symphonia globulifera: 53) marginal leaf roll. 54) Combretum fruticosum: conical leaf gall. 55) Dichapetalum: globoid leaf gall. 56) Dichapetalum pedunculatum: globoid leaf gall. 57) Davilla rugosa: globoid leaf gall.

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Figures 58-85
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 58) Davilla rugosa: lenticular leaf gall. 59) Doliocarpus dentatus: globoid leaf gall. 60) Sloanea: globoid leaf petiole gall. 61) Croton cf. spruceanus: fusiform stem gall. 62) Hevea: globoid leaf gall. 63) Abarema: marginal leaf gall. 64) Anadenanthera peregrina: fusiform stem gall. 65-66) Andira surinamensis: 65) lenticular leaf gall; 66) oval leaf gall. 67) Andira vermifuga: globoid leaf gall. 68) Bauhinia sp.1: oval leaf gall. 69) Bauhinia sp.2: oval leaf vein gall. 70-71) Bauhinia sp.3: 70) globoid stem gall; 71) oval tendril gall. 72) Bauhinia acreana: fusiform stem gall. 73-81) Bauhinia ungulata: 73) fusiform leaf vein gall; 74) conical leaf gall; 75) globoid leaf gall; 76) conical leaf gall; 77) lenticular leaf gall; 78) oval leaf gall; 79) fusiform stem gall; 80) globoid leaf gall; 81) globoid leaf gall. 82) Galactia: globoid stem gall. 83) Hymenolobium excelsum: lenticular leaf gall. 84) Inga: globoid leaf gall. 85) Inga cayennensis: globoid leaf vein gall.

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Figures 86-113
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 86) Inga edulis: globoid leaf gall. 87) Inga heterophylla: fusiform stem gall. 88) Machaerium sp.1: lenticular leaf gall. 89-91) Machaerium sp.2: 89) lenticular leaf gall; 90) conical leaf gall; 91) globoid leaf gall. 92) Machaerium sp.3: cylindrical leaf gall. 93) Machaerium sp.4: globoid stem gall. 94-95) Machaerium amplum: 94) globoid leaf gall; 95) lenticular leaf gall. 96) Mimosa debilis: conical leaf gall. 97) Parkia igneiflora: globoid leaf gall. 98) Peltogyne: globoid leaf gall. 99) Platymiscium filipes: marginal leaf roll. 100) Pterocarpus: fusiform leaf gall. 101-102) Pterocarpus santalinoides: 101) conical leaf gall; 102) lenticular leaf gall. 103) Swartzia: oval leaf gall. 104) Tachigali bracteosa: fusiform stem gall. 105) Zygia ramiflora: globoid leaf gall. 106-110) Vismia guianensis: 106) globoid stem gall; 107) lenticular leaf gall; 108) oval leaf vein gall; 109) marginal leaf roll gall; 110) marginal leaf roll gall. 111) Casimirella sp.1: globoid leaf gall. 112) Casimirella sp.2: conical leaf gall. 113) Casimirella ampla: conical leaf gall.

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Figures 114-141.
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 114) Aegiphila: cylindrical leaf gall. 115) Aniba: globoid leaf gall. 116) Eschweilera coriacea: marginal leaf roll gall. 117-118) Byrsonima sp.1: 117) fusiform petiole and leaf vein gall; 118) fusiform, leaf vein gall. 119) Byrsonima sp.2: fusiform petiole leaf gall. 120) Byrsonima sp.3: 120) fusiform stem and petiole gall; 121) Mascagnia: lenticular leaf gall; 122) Melastomataceae not determined: globoid leaf vein gall. 123-124) Guarea guidonia: 123) globoid leaf gall; 124) globoid leaf gall. 125-127) Trichilia: 125) globoid stem gall; 126) globoid leaf gall; 127) conical leaf gall. 128) Cissampelos: globoid bud gall. 129-130) Myrcia splendens: 129) globoid leaf gall; 130) group of rolling leaves gall. 131-132) Neea: 131) fusiform stem gall; 132) globoid leaf gall. 133) Heisteria acuminata: conical leaf gall. 134) Heisteria barbata: fusiform leaf vein gall. 135) Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius: 135) marginal leaf roll gall. 136) Piper: globoid leaf vein gall. 137-138) Piper aduncum: 137) cylindrical leaf gall; 138) conical bud gall. 139) Psychotria: globoid leaf gall. 140-141) Uncaria guianensis: 140) globoid leaf gall; 141) lenticular leaf gall.

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Figures 142-159
Insect galls from Amazon rainforest area in Rondônia (Brazil). 142-144) Metrodorea flavida: 142) conical leaf gall; 143) lenticular leaf gall; 144) oval tendril gall. 145) Casearia: globoid leaf vein gall. 146-148) Casearia fasciculata: 146) lenticular leaf gall; 147) claviform stem gall; 148) fusiform leaf vein gall. 149-150) Allophylus glabratus: 149) globoid leaf gall; 150) lenticular leaf gall. 151) Paullinia: lenticular leaf gall. 152) Paullinia pinnata: amorphous leaf vein gall. 153) Serjania: fusiform leaf vein gall. 154) Serjania cf. ovalifolia: cylindrical leaf gall. 155) Vouarana guianensis: marginal leaf roll gall. 156) Siparuna guianensis: globoid leaf gall. 157) Cecropia: globoid stem gall. 158) Lantana camara: globoid leaf gall. 159) Rinoreocarpus ulei: fusiform, leaf vein gall.

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Table I
Distribution of insect gall morphotypes per host plant families in Rondônia, Brazil, with number and percentage of galled plant genera and species.

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Table II
Comparison between the results of this study and others in Amazon rainforest areas. Data on number of gall morphotypes, host plant species and families, average of gall; botanic families with the highest richness of gall; and botanic genera super-hosts of galls are showed.

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Table III
Gall characterization (shape, color, number of internal chamber, trichomes, galled plant organ, and inducing insects) in Amazon rainforest areas, in three municipalities of Rondônia (Brazil).

Host plant families	Number and percentage of galled genera	Number and percentage of galled species	Number and percentage of gall morphotypes
Annonaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Bignoniaceae	8 (11.5%)	19 (18.4%)	33 (21.7%)
Burseraceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Cannabaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	3 (1.9%)
Celastraceae	4 (5.7%)	4 (3.8%)	5 (3.2%)
Chrysobalanaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Clusiaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Combretaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Dichapetalaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Dilleniaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Elaeocarpaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Euphorbiaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Fabaceae	16 (23.1%)	29 (28.1%)	43 (28.2%)
Hypericaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	5 (3.2%)
Icacinaceae	1 (1.4%)	3 (2.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Lamiaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Lauraceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Lecythidaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Malpighiaceae	2 (2.8%)	4 (3.8%)	5 (3.2%)
Melastomataceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Meliaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.6%)
Menispermaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Myrtaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Nyctaginaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	2 (1.3%)
Olacaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	2 (1.3%)
Phyllanthaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Piperaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Rubiaceae	2 (2.8%)	2 (1.9%)	3 (1.9%)
Rutaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	3 (1.9%)
Salicaceae	1 (1.4%)	2 (1.9%)	4 (2.6%)
Sapindaceae	4 (5.7%)	6 (5.8%)	7 (4.6%)
Siparunaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Urticaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Verbenaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Violaceae	1 (1.4%)	1 (0.95%)	1 (0.6%)
Total	69	103	152

Localities	Number of gall morphotypes	Host families	Host species	Average of gall morphotypes/Host plants	Botanic families with the highest richness of gall	Super-hots botanic genera	References
Rondônia	152	35	103	1.4	Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Sapindaceae	Bauhinia Adenocalymma	This study
Platô Bacaba (Pará)	76	22	38	2	Fabaceae Chrysobalanaceae Burseraceae	Inga Protium	Maia (2011)MAIA VC. 2011. Characterization of insect galls, gall makers, and associated fauna of Platô Bacaba (Porto de Trombetas, Pará, Brazil). Biota Neotrop 11: 37-56.
Amazônia Oriental (Pará)	309	45	255	1.2	Burseraceae Fabaceae Melastomataceae	Protium Inga	Almada & Fernandes (2011)ALMADA ED & FERNANDES GW. 2011. Insetos indutores de galhas em florestas de terra firme e em reflorestamentos com espécies nativas na Amazônia Oriental, Pará, Brasil. Bol Mus Para Emílio Goeldi 6: 163-196.
Amazônia Central (Manaus)	27	30	27	1	Burseraceae Rubiaceae	-	Silva et al. (2011)SILVA PSD, ALMEIDA-SANTO B, TABARELLI M & ALMEIDA-CORTEZ JS. 2011. Occurrence of gall complexes along a topographic gradient in an undisturbed lowland forest of central Amazonia. Rev Bras Biociênc 9: 133-138.
Trombetas (Pará)	112	33	65	1.7	Fabaceae Bignoniaceae Sapotaceae	Adenocalymma Pouteria	Araújo et. al. (2012ARAÚJO WS & ESPÍRITO-SANTO FILHO K. 2012. Edge effect benefits galling insects in the Brazilian Amazon. Biodivers Conserv 21: 2991-2997. DOI 10.1007/s10531-012-0333-z.)
Floresta Nacional de Saracá Taquera (Oriximiná, Para)	194	-	116	1.6	Bignoniaceae Sapotaceae Burseraceae	Adenocalymma Pouteria	Araújo & Espírito-Santo Filho (2012)
Santarém (Pará)	27	11	21	1.3	Fabaceae Myrtaceae Anacardiaceae	Myrcia Copaifera	Carvalho & Mota (2018)CARVALHO AN & MOTA JS. 2018. Ocorrência e caracterização de galhas entomógenas em um fragmento de sucessão ecológica na Amazônia. EntomoBrasilis 11: 118-123.

Host plants			Gall morphotype
Families	Species	Galled organ	Shape	Color	Trichome	Internal chamber	Galler	Figs.
Annonaceae	Xylopia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	2
Bignoniaceae	Adenocalymma sp.1	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	3
	Adenocalymma sp.2	Leaf vein	Vermiform	Green	Absent	-	Neolasioptera sp.	4
	Adenocalymma sp.3	Tendril	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	5
	Adenocalymma sp.3	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	6
	Adenocalymma sp.4	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	7
	Adenocalymma coriaceum	Leaf	Conical	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	8
		Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	9
		Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	10
	Adenocalymma longilineum	Stem	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	11
		Leaf vein	Fusiform	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	12
		Leaf	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	13
	Adenocalymma magnificum	Leaf vein	Oval	Green/Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	14
	Adenocalymma schomburgkii	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Coleoptera	15
	Anemopaegma floridum	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis sp.	16
	Anemopaegma floridum	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	17
	Bignonia sp.	Leaf vein	Spiraled	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	18
		Leaf petiole	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	19
		Stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	20
	Bignonia nocturna	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	21
	Bignonia nocturna	Leaf petiole	Oval	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	22
Bignoniaceae	Bignonia nocturna	Stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	23
	Bignonia prieurii	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	24
	Bignonia prieurii	Leaf	Globoid	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	25
	Callichlamys sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	26
	Callichlamys latifolia	Leaf vein and stem	Oval	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	27 28
	Fridericia sp.1	Leaf	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	29
	Fridericia sp.2	Leaf	Cylindrical	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	30
	Manaosella cordifolia	Tendril	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	31
	Stizophyllum riparium	Tendril	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	32
	Stizophyllum riparium	Bud	Oval	Green	Present	-	Clinodiplosini	33
	Tanaecium pyramidatum	Leaf vein, tendril, petiole and stem	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	34- 37
		Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	38
		Stem	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	39
Burseraceae	Protium unifoliolatum	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	40
Burseraceae	Protium unifoliolatum	Leaf	Margin roll	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	41
Cannabaceae	Celtis iguanaea	Leaf	Conical	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	42
		Bud and spine	Globoid	Green/Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	43 44
		Leaf	Lenticular	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	45
Celastraceae	Hippocratea sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Green/Black	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	46
Celastraceae	Prionostemma asperum	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	47
Celastraceae	Salacia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	48
	Salacia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	49
	Tontelea sp.	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lopesia sp. nov.	50
Chrysobalanaceae	Couepia sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Lopesia sp.	51
Chrysobalanaceae	Licania sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	52
Clusiaceae	Symphonia globulifera	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	53
Combretaceae	Combretum fruticosum	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	54
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	55
Dichapetalaceae	Dichapetalum pedunculatum	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	56
Dilleniaceae	Davilla rugosa	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	57
	Davilla rugosa	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	58
	Doliocarpus dentatus	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	59
Elaeocarpaceae	Sloanea sp.	Leaf petiole	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	60
Euphorbiaceae	Croton cf. spruceanus	Stem	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Lepidoptera	61
Euphorbiaceae	Hevea sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	62
Fabaceae	Abarema sp.	Leaf	Margin roll	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	63
	Anadenanthera peregrina	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	64
	Andira surinamensis	Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	65
	Andira surinamensis	Leaf vein	Oval	Yellow	Absent	-	Indeterminate	66
Hypericaceae	Vismia guianensis	Leaf vein	Oval	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	108
		Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	109
		Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	110
Icacinaceae	Casimirella sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	111
	Casimirella sp.2	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	112
	Casimirella ampla	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	113
Lamiaceae	Aegiphila sp.	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green/Yellow	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	114
Lauraceae	Aniba sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	115
Lecythidaceae	Eschweilera coriacea	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	116
Malpighiaceae	Byrsonima sp. 1	Leaf vein and petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	117
	Byrsonima sp. 1	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	118
	Byrsonima sp.2	Leaf petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	Multi-chambered	Indeterminate	119
	Byrsonima sp.3	Stem and leaf petiole	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	-	Indeterminate	120
	Mascagnia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	121
Melastomataceae	Not determined	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	122
Meliaceae	Guarea guidonia	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	123
	Guarea guidonia	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	124
	Trichilia sp.	Leaf and stem	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	125-126
	Trichilia sp.	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	127
Menispermaceae	Cissampelos sp.	Bud	Globoid	Brown	Absent	-	Cecidomyiidae	128
Myrtaceae	Myrcia splendens	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	129
Myrtaceae	Myrcia splendens	Leaf	Group of rolling leaves	Green	Absent	-	Cecidomyiidae	130
Nyctaginaceae	Neea sp.	Stem	Fusiform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	131
Nyctaginaceae	Neea sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	132
Olacaceae	Heisteria acuminata	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	133
Olacaceae	Heisteria barbata	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	134
Phyllanthaceae	Phyllanthus cf. juglandifolius	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis sp.	135
Piperaceae	Piper sp.	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	136
	Piper aduncum	Leaf	Cylindrical	Green	Present	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	137
	Piper aduncum	Bud	Conical	Green	Present	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	138
Rubiaceae	Psychotria sp.	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	139
	Uncaria guianensis	Leaf	Globoid	Brownish green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	140
	Uncaria guianensis	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	141
Rutaceae	Metrodorea flavida	Leaf	Conical	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	142
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	143
		Tendril	Oval	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	144
Salicaceae	Casearia sp.	Leaf vein	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	145
	Casearia fasciculata	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	146
		Stem	Claviform	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	147
		Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	148
Sapindaceae	Allophylus glabratus	Leaf	Globoid	Light green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	149
		Leaf	Lenticular	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	150
	Paullinia sp.	Leaf	Lenticular	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Cecidomyiidae	151
	Paullinia pinnata	Leaf vein	Amorphous	Green	Absent	-	Indeterminate	152
	Serjania sp.	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	153
	Serjania cf. ovalifolia	Leaf	Cylindrical	Yellowish green	Present	One-chambered	Indeterminate	154
	Vouarana guianensis	Leaf	Margin roll	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	155
Siparunaceae	Siparuna guianensis	Leaf	Globoid	Brown	Absent	One-chambered	Indeterminate	156
Urticaceae	Cecropia sp.	Stem	Globoid	Brown/Green	Absent	One-chambered	Clinodiplosis cecropiae	157
Verbenaceae	Lantana camara	Leaf	Globoid	Green	Present	One-chambered	Schismatodiplosis lantanae	158
Violaceae	Rinoreocarpus ulei	Leaf vein	Fusiform	Green	Absent	One-chambered	Neolasioptera sp.	159

[1] Correspondence to: Barbara Proença E-mail: bproenca28@gmail.com

Brasil

Brasil

Insect galls from Amazon rainforest areas in Rondônia (Brazil)

Abstract