Spatial distribution and faunal composition of millipedes of the family Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833 in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Diplopoda, Juliformia, Spirostreptida)

The Atlantic Forest is known for its richness and diversity of species. Nonetheless, the diversity of millipedes in the biome is still poorly known. In this work, the distribution and the faunal composition of millipedes of the family Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833 (order Spirostreptida) from the Atlantic Forest are provided. A total of 159 occurrence points were compiled, and 59 species in 17 genera were listed. Gymnostreptus Brölemann, 1902BRÖLEMANN HW. 1903. Myriapodes récueillis au Pará par Monsieur le Prof. E. A. Goeldi, Directeur du Musée. Zool. Anz. 26 (691): 177-191. was recovered as the richest genus in the Atlantic Forest with 14 species and one subspecies. The species Plusioporus setiger (Brölemann, 1902) presented the highest number of records, with 22 occurrence points in at least 20 municipalities. A total of 35 species were recorded from only one municipality. Considering all the threats on the biome, this paper is important for our understanding of the Brazilian millipede fauna and can be useful to determine places that require valuations for collecting efforts and conservation policies.

Key words
Neotropical; São Paulo; Rio de Janeiro; Schubart; Brölemann; Atlantic province

Authorship

LUIZ F.M. INIESTA

wrote the manuscript

consulted the literature

performed the data analysis and prepared the figures

Instituto Butantan, Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, BrazilInstituto ButantanBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilInstituto Butantan, Laboratório de Coleções Zoológicas, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, Butantã, 05503-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Universidade de São Paulo, Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Matão Street, 277, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, Pós-graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Matão Street, 277, Butantã, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0529-4162

RODRIGO S. BOUZAN

consulted the literature

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5331-7031

ANTONIO D. BRESCOVIT

wrote the manuscript

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1511-5324

Correspondence to: Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta E-mail: luiz-moretti@hotmail.com

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1
Map of Brazil with the original area of Atlantic Forest highlighted. The colours refer to the provinces on the Atlantic Forest (see Morrone 2014MORRONE JJ. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1): 1-110.).

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Figure 5
Distribution and composition of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Number of records by grid size 1°; b) Richness by grid size 1°; c) Number of records by genus; d) Richness by genus.

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Figure 6
Living specimens of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Cladostreptus interruptus from Paraná state; b) Gymnostreptus olivaceus from São Paulo state.

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Figure 2
Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Calathostreptus fluminensis, Calathostreptus fulvus, Cearostreptus schubarti, Cladostreptus castaneus, and Cladostreptus dipticus; b) Cladostreptus perlucens, Cladostreptus perlucens levior, Cladostreptus sebastianus, Cladostreptus semicinctus, and Cladostreptus thalattophilus; c) Cladostreptus glieschi, Cladostreptus sanctus, Gymnostreptus acuticollis, Gymnostreptus heterogona, and Gymnostreptus microps; d) Gymnostreptus mosesi, Gymnostreptus olivaceus, Gymnostreptus perfidelis, Gymnostreptus perfidus, and Gymnostreptus porati.

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Figure 3
Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Gymnostreptus vulgatus, Gymnostreptus vagabundus, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) flavipes, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) roseopygidialis, and Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus; b) Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus nitidior, Helicogonus generalensis, Helicogonus princeps, Hemigymnostreptus iheringi, and Hemigymnostreptus laevigatus; c) Hemigymnostreptus nitens, Hemigymnostreptus pygidialis, Heteropyge bidens, Megagymnostreptus niger, and Megagymnostreptus tristis; d) Microtrullius biramus, Orthoporus americanus, Orthoporus anthracinus, Orthoporus fuscipes, and Orthoporus ligulifer.

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Figure 4
Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Plusioporus cristatus, Plusioporus recifensis, Plusioporus setiger, Plusioporus unciger, and Rhamphostreptus arenarius; b) Sooretama aguirrei, Spirostreptus cinctus, Spirostreptus dorsostriatus, Spirostreptus filum, and Spirostreptus ochrurus; c) Spirostreptus patruelis, Spirostreptus rotundanus, Spirostreptus sergipeanus, Spirostreptus torifer, and Spirostreptus volxemi; d) Trichogonostreptus (Ptenogonostreptus) fallax, Tubostreptus teres, and Urostreptus atrobunneus.

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Figure 6
Living specimens of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Cladostreptus interruptus from Paraná state; b) Gymnostreptus olivaceus from São Paulo state.

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Figure 1 Map of Brazil with the original area of Atlantic Forest highlighted. The colours refer to the provinces on the Atlantic Forest (see Morrone 2014MORRONE JJ. 2014. Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa 3782(1): 1-110.).

Figure 5 Distribution and composition of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Number of records by grid size 1°; b) Richness by grid size 1°; c) Number of records by genus; d) Richness by genus.

Figure 6 Living specimens of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Cladostreptus interruptus from Paraná state; b) Gymnostreptus olivaceus from São Paulo state.

Figure 2 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Calathostreptus fluminensis, Calathostreptus fulvus, Cearostreptus schubarti, Cladostreptus castaneus, and Cladostreptus dipticus; b) Cladostreptus perlucens, Cladostreptus perlucens levior, Cladostreptus sebastianus, Cladostreptus semicinctus, and Cladostreptus thalattophilus; c) Cladostreptus glieschi, Cladostreptus sanctus, Gymnostreptus acuticollis, Gymnostreptus heterogona, and Gymnostreptus microps; d) Gymnostreptus mosesi, Gymnostreptus olivaceus, Gymnostreptus perfidelis, Gymnostreptus perfidus, and Gymnostreptus porati.

Figure 3 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Gymnostreptus vulgatus, Gymnostreptus vagabundus, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) flavipes, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) roseopygidialis, and Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus; b) Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus nitidior, Helicogonus generalensis, Helicogonus princeps, Hemigymnostreptus iheringi, and Hemigymnostreptus laevigatus; c) Hemigymnostreptus nitens, Hemigymnostreptus pygidialis, Heteropyge bidens, Megagymnostreptus niger, and Megagymnostreptus tristis; d) Microtrullius biramus, Orthoporus americanus, Orthoporus anthracinus, Orthoporus fuscipes, and Orthoporus ligulifer.

Figure 4 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Plusioporus cristatus, Plusioporus recifensis, Plusioporus setiger, Plusioporus unciger, and Rhamphostreptus arenarius; b) Sooretama aguirrei, Spirostreptus cinctus, Spirostreptus dorsostriatus, Spirostreptus filum, and Spirostreptus ochrurus; c) Spirostreptus patruelis, Spirostreptus rotundanus, Spirostreptus sergipeanus, Spirostreptus torifer, and Spirostreptus volxemi; d) Trichogonostreptus (Ptenogonostreptus) fallax, Tubostreptus teres, and Urostreptus atrobunneus.

Figure 6 Living specimens of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Cladostreptus interruptus from Paraná state; b) Gymnostreptus olivaceus from São Paulo state.

Figure 2 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Calathostreptus fluminensis, Calathostreptus fulvus, Cearostreptus schubarti, Cladostreptus castaneus, and Cladostreptus dipticus; b) Cladostreptus perlucens, Cladostreptus perlucens levior, Cladostreptus sebastianus, Cladostreptus semicinctus, and Cladostreptus thalattophilus; c) Cladostreptus glieschi, Cladostreptus sanctus, Gymnostreptus acuticollis, Gymnostreptus heterogona, and Gymnostreptus microps; d) Gymnostreptus mosesi, Gymnostreptus olivaceus, Gymnostreptus perfidelis, Gymnostreptus perfidus, and Gymnostreptus porati.

Figure 3 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Gymnostreptus vulgatus, Gymnostreptus vagabundus, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) flavipes, Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) roseopygidialis, and Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus; b) Gymnostreptus (Caicarostreptus) subsericeus nitidior, Helicogonus generalensis, Helicogonus princeps, Hemigymnostreptus iheringi, and Hemigymnostreptus laevigatus; c) Hemigymnostreptus nitens, Hemigymnostreptus pygidialis, Heteropyge bidens, Megagymnostreptus niger, and Megagymnostreptus tristis; d) Microtrullius biramus, Orthoporus americanus, Orthoporus anthracinus, Orthoporus fuscipes, and Orthoporus ligulifer.

Figure 4 Distribution map of species of Spirostreptidae from Atlantic Forest: a) Plusioporus cristatus, Plusioporus recifensis, Plusioporus setiger, Plusioporus unciger, and Rhamphostreptus arenarius; b) Sooretama aguirrei, Spirostreptus cinctus, Spirostreptus dorsostriatus, Spirostreptus filum, and Spirostreptus ochrurus; c) Spirostreptus patruelis, Spirostreptus rotundanus, Spirostreptus sergipeanus, Spirostreptus torifer, and Spirostreptus volxemi; d) Trichogonostreptus (Ptenogonostreptus) fallax, Tubostreptus teres, and Urostreptus atrobunneus.

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Spatial distribution and faunal composition of millipedes of the family Spirostreptidae Brandt, 1833 in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Diplopoda, Juliformia, Spirostreptida)

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[1] Correspondence to: Luiz Felipe Moretti Iniesta E-mail: luiz-moretti@hotmail.com