Nonylphenol: Properties, legislation, toxicity and determination

This paper aims to gather and discuss important information about nonylphenol, such as physical chemistry properties, toxicity and analytical methods in various matrices. As a degradation product of ethoxylated alkylphenols, nonylphenol presents a higher degree of reactivity than its precursor. Due to its harmful effects on the environment, use and production of nonylphenol has been banned in European Union countries, alongside their precursors. The guide on quality of drinking water (USEPA) recommends a maximum concentration of 28 µg L^-1 for fresh water. In Brazil, there is no clear legislation containing values of maximum concentration of nonylphenol. Due to this lack of regulation, a continuous monitoring is necessary of this pollutant in environmental samples. This paper aims to encourage further studies on nonylphenol, seen as a critical environmental pollutant. For proper monitoring is necessary to have reliable analytical methods and easy to perform in routine analysis.

Key words:
nonylphenol; endocrine disrupter; pollutant; water analysis

Authorship

FREDERICO G. DE ARAUJO

Chemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 47, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, BrazilRural Federal University of Rio de JaneiroBrazilSeropédica, RJ, BrazilChemistry Department, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 47, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil

GLAUCO F. BAUERFELDT

YARA PELUSO CID

Phamaceutical Science Department, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 47, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, BrazilRural Federal University of Rio de JaneiroBrazilSeropédica, RJ, BrazilPhamaceutical Science Department, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, BR 465, Km 47, 23890-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil

Correspondence to: Yara Peluso Cid E-mail: yarapcid@gmail.com * Contribution to the centenary of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (4)

Thumbnail

TABLE I
Maximum concentration (µg L ^-1 ) of endocrine disruptors in drinking water (1) and surface water (2) in accordance with national and international laws.

Thumbnail

TABLE II
Nonylphenol extraction methods in liquid and solid matrices.

Thumbnail

TABLE III
Chromatographic analytical methods for determination of nonylphenol in liquid matrices.

Thumbnail

TABLE IV
Chromatographic analytical methods for determination of nonylphenol in solid matrices.

TABLE I Maximum concentration (µg L ^-1 ) of endocrine disruptors in drinking water (1) and surface water (2) in accordance with national and international laws.

Maximum concentration (µg L^-1 )
	Brazil		USA		WHO
Composto	1^a	2^b	1^c	2^d	1^e
Benzopyreno	0.7	0.018^c	0.2	n.m.^f	0.7
Nonylphenol	n.m.	n.m.	n.m.	28^g/7^h	n.m.
Pentachlorophenol	9	3	1	19^g/13^h	9
Dihexyl-phthalate	20	n.m	6	n.m.	8

a: Portaria MS 2914/2011 (BRASIL 2011); b: Resolução CONAMA 357/2005 (BRASIL 2005); c: Safe Drinking Water Act, SDWA(USEPA 2004); d: National recommendation of water quality criteria (USEPA 2009); e: World Health Organization; f: not mentioned value; g: fresh water; h: salty water.

TABLE II Nonylphenol extraction methods in liquid and solid matrices.

Sample	Extraction method	Steps			Recovery	Reference
Sample	Extraction method	Cartridgde	Clean-up^a	Eluition^b
Líquid	SPE	C18	H₂O / MeOH (9:1)	AcOEt	>80%	Liu et al. 2004LIU R, ZHOU JL AND WILDING A. 2004. Simultaneous determination of endocrine disrupting phenolic compounds and steroids in water by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1022: 179-189.
			X	MeOH / H₂O (1:9)	≈95%	Cai et al. 2003CAI Y, JIANG G, LIU J AND ZHOU Q. 2003. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as a Solid-Phase Extraction Adsorbent for the Determination of Bisphenol A, 4-n-Nonylphenol, and 4-tert-Octylphenol (MWNTs) for solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A , 4- n - MWNTs were superior to C 18 for the extraction. Anal Chem 75: 2517-2521.
			H₂O / MeOH (8:2) pH= 2.5	MeOH	Uninformed	Ciofi et al. 2014CIOFI L, ANCILLOTTI C, CHIUMINATTO U, FIBBI D, CHECCHINI L, ORLANDINI S AND DEL BUBBA M. 2014. Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of alkylphenols polyethoxylates, alkylphenoxy carboxylates and alkylphenols in wastewater and surface-water. J Chromatogr A 1362: 75-88.
			MeOH / H₂O (1:9)	AcOEt / MeOH (6:4)	≈80%	Souza 2011SOUZA RR. 2011. De: Desenvolvimento E Validação De Metodologia Endócrinos Resultantes De Atividades Antrópicas Nas Águas Da Região Do Rio Paraíba Do Sul, SP, 186 p.
			X	MeOH	≈70%	Fabregat-Cabello et al. 2013
			X	ACET; HOAc 0.1 % MS MeOH / DCM	50%	Petrie et al. 2013PETRIE B, MCADAM EJ, WHELAN MJ, LESTER JN AND CARTMELL E. 2013. The determination of nonylphenol and its precursors in a trickling filter wastewater treatment process. Anal Bioanal Chem 405: 3243-3253.
			H₂O	DCM	> 90%	Martinez and Peñuela 2013
			HEX / DCM (1:4)	MeOH / DCM (9:1)	Uninformed	De Souza Leite et al. 2010
			H₂O	DCM / HEX (4:1)	35%	Gatidou et al. 2007GATIDOU G, THOMAIDIS NS, STASINAKIS AS AND LEKKAS TD. 2007. Simultaneous determination of the endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, triclosan and bisphenol A in wastewater and sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1138: 32-41.
			X	MeOH	85%	Petrovic et al. 2003PETROVIC M, BARCELÓ D, DIAZ A AND VENTURA F. 2003. Low nanogram per liter determination of halogenated nonylphenols, nonylphenol carboxylates, and their non-halogenated precursors in water and sludge by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14: 516-527.
			X	HEX / DCM (9:1) + MeOH / DCM (9:1)	92%	Jeannot et al. 2002JEANNOT R, SABIK H, SAUVARD E, DAGNAC T AND DOHRENDORF K. 2002. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 974: 143-159.
			X	DCM / MeOH c/ HOAc (9:1)	Uninformed	Díaz et al. 2002DÍAZ A, VENTURA F AND GALCERAN MT. 2002. Simultaneous determination of estrogenic short ethoxy chain nonylphenols and their acidic metabolites in water by an in-sample derivatization/solid-phase microextraction method. Anal Chem 74: 3869-3876.
			Na₂SO₄ + DCM	MeOH	65% - 84%	Fiedler et al. 2007FIEDLER S, FOERSTER M, GLASER B AND ZECH W. 2007. Alkylphenols in sediments of the Atlantic Rainforest south-west of São Paulo, Brazil. Chemosphere 66: 212-218.
		C18 + Zr doped TiO₂	H₂O	DCM / MeOH (1:9)	93%	Su et al. 2012SU XF, ZHAO XN, XIE GH AND ZHOU QX. 2012. Fluorometric determination of nonylphenol in water samples enriched with zirconium doped titanium dioxide nanotubes solid phase extraction. Chinese ChemLett 23: 969-972.
		Polymeric	H₂O	HEX / DCM (1:1)	80%	Terzopoulou et al. 2014TERZOPOULOU E, VOUTSA D AND KAKLAMANOS G. 2014. A multi-residue method for determination of 70 organic micropollutants in surface waters by solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 22: 1095-1112.
			MeOH / H₂O (4:6) + H2O + MeOH / MH₄OH / H₂O (10:2:88)	MeOH / ETHER (1:9)	≈50%	Jeannot et al. 2002JEANNOT R, SABIK H, SAUVARD E, DAGNAC T AND DOHRENDORF K. 2002. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 974: 143-159.
			X	ACET + MeOH	89% - 92%	Kuch and Ballschmiter 2001
			H₂O	ACN / DCM (1:1)	73%	Azevedo et al. 2001AZEVEDO DDA, LACORTE S, VIANA P AND BARCELÓ D. 2001. Occurrence of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A in Surface Waters from Portugal. J Braz Chem Soc 12: 532-537.
			X	MeOH (3 ciclos)	70%	Montagner and Jardim 2011
			X	MeOH	≈72%	Sodré et al. 2010aSODRÉ FF, PESCARA IC, MONTAGNER CC AND JARDIM WF. 2010a. Assessing selected estrogens and xenoestrogens in Brazilian surface waters by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Microchem J 96: 92-98.
			X	ACET + MeOH	70%	Sodré et al. 2010bSODRÉ FF, LOCATELLI MAF AND JARDIM WF. 2010b. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in Brazilian drinking waters: A sewage-to-tap issue. Water Air Soil Poll 206: 57-67.
	Ultrasound + SPE	OSTRO^TM 96	Ultrasound: 3 cycles 120 s ACN/H₂O (3:1)	MeOH	80%	Huerta et al. 2015HUERTA B, JAKIMSKA A, LLORCA M, RUHÍ A, MARGOUTIDIS G, ACUÑA V AND SABATER S. 2015. Development of an extraction and purification method for the determination of multi-class pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in freshwater invertebrates. Talanta 132: 373-381.
	LLE	X	Column with Na₂SO₄ anhydrous	Solution aqueous / organic solvent (20:1) pH=3 / 20 min	81% - 87%	Cruceru et al. 2012CRUCERU I, IANCU V, PETRE J, BADEA IA AND VLADESCU L. 2012. HPLC-FLD determination of 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol in surface water samples. Environ Monit Assess 184: 2783-2795.
	LLE	X	Syringe with Silica gel + wool + Na₂SO₄	1) DCM + HEX 2) MeOH	86%	Oketola and Fagbemigun 2013
	DLLME	Disperser solvent: 0.5 mL MeOH Extractor solvent: 50 µL 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate Separation: Centrifugation (3 minutes, 6000 rpm)			93.5%	Sun et al. 2013SUN A, XU Q AND YU X. 2013. Determination of bisphenol A and 4-nonylphenol in water using ionic liquid dispersive liquid phase microextraction. Pol J Environ Stud 22: 899-907.
	SPME	Sample + NaCl + magnetic stirring NaOH + internal standard + derivatization reagent (DMS + DES + MNNG) thermostated water bath 60 ºC + fiber (CW/DVB) + stirring (900 rpm) Desorption fiber (headspace) 250 ºC for 3 minutes			Uninformed	Díaz et al. 2002DÍAZ A, VENTURA F AND GALCERAN MT. 2002. Simultaneous determination of estrogenic short ethoxy chain nonylphenols and their acidic metabolites in water by an in-sample derivatization/solid-phase microextraction method. Anal Chem 74: 3869-3876.
	SPME	Sample + NaCl + magnetic stirring + fiber (CW/DVB) Desorption fiber (headspace) 250º C for 5 minutes			Uninformed	Hernández et al. 2007HERNÁNDEZ F, PORTOLÉS T, PITARCH E AND LÓPEZ FJ. 2007. Target and nontarget screening of organic micropollutants in water by solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 79: 9494-9504.
Solid	Soxlet	4 hours ; 90 °C; HEX			54%	Bernacka et al. 2009BERNACKA J, CHABER P, KONDZIELSKI I AND POLUBIEC E. 2009. 4-Nonylphenols and Their Ethoxylates in Sewage Sludge From Polish Municipal Wastewater. Environ Prot Eng 35: 65-79.
	Soxlet	4 hours; MeOH; Dilution of the methanolic extract in H₂O / MeOH (7:3) and extraction by cartridge C18			72%	Jeannot et al. 2002JEANNOT R, SABIK H, SAUVARD E, DAGNAC T AND DOHRENDORF K. 2002. Determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in environmental samples using gas and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 974: 143-159.
	Ultrasound	30 minutes; 50 °C; MeOH / H₂O (2:1)			63%	Gatidou et al. 2007GATIDOU G, THOMAIDIS NS, STASINAKIS AS AND LEKKAS TD. 2007. Simultaneous determination of the endocrine disrupting compounds nonylphenol, nonylphenol ethoxylates, triclosan and bisphenol A in wastewater and sewage sludge by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1138: 32-41.
		5 minutes; ACET			≈65%	Lara-Marín et al. 2012
		5 g dry sample + 25 mL DCM / HEX (2:1) 15 minutes Centrifugation: 1500 rpm 5 minutes Concentration and drying with Na₂SO₄			78%	Oketola and Fagbemigun 2013
	Ultrasound + SPE	3 cycles de 30 minutes; 50 °C; MeOH Cartridge: polymeric; Clean-up: H₂O; Elution: MeOH / DCM			≈98%	Ömeroğlu et al. 2015ÖMEROĞLU S, MURDOCH FK AND SANIN FD. 2015. Investigation of nonylphenol and nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge samples from a metropolitan wastewater treatment plant in Turkey. Talanta 131: 650-655.
	PLE	sample + Na₂SO₄ Extractor solvent: ACET / MeOH (1:1 Temperature: 75 ºC and pressure 1500 psi per 5 minutes Concentration of the extract by rotary evaporator Purification: cartridge C18			81%	Petrovic et al. 2003PETROVIC M, BARCELÓ D, DIAZ A AND VENTURA F. 2003. Low nanogram per liter determination of halogenated nonylphenols, nonylphenol carboxylates, and their non-halogenated precursors in water and sludge by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 14: 516-527.
	ASE	2 cycles de 12 minutes Solvent: MeOH (60% vol extraction cell) Argon purge cycles of 1 minute Purification: Na₂SO₄ + 15 mL MeOH			65% - 84%	Fiedler et al. 2007FIEDLER S, FOERSTER M, GLASER B AND ZECH W. 2007. Alkylphenols in sediments of the Atlantic Rainforest south-west of São Paulo, Brazil. Chemosphere 66: 212-218.

ACET = acetone; ACN = acetonitrile; DCM = dichloromethane; HEX = hexane; H₂O = water; MeOH = Methanol; DMS = dimethyl sulfate; DES = diethyl sulfate; MNNG = 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidina; ETHER = ethyl ether;
AcOEt = ethyl acetate; HOAc = acetic acid.

TABLE III Chromatographic analytical methods for determination of nonylphenol in liquid matrices.

Technique	LQ^a e LD^b	Analyhtical Conditions^c	Detection^d	Reference
HPLC	LD = 0.02 µg L^-1 LQ = 0.13 µg L^-1	Column: C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d , 13 Å) Mobile phase: H₂O/THF (1:1) Flow rate: 1 mL min^-1 Elution: Isocratic Time of analysis: 15 minutes	Fluorescence λexi = 225 nm λemi= 300 nm	Zgoła-Grześkowiak et al. 2009
	LD = 0.018 ng mL^-1	Column: C8 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 3 µm) Mobile phase: ACN/H₂O (75:25) Flow rate: 1 mL min^-1 Elution: Isocratic Time of analysis: 10 minutes	Fluorescence λexi = 220 nm λemi= 315 nm	Cai et al. 2003
	LD = 0.44 µg L^-1 LQ = 1.47 µg L^-1	Column: C18 Mobile phase: ACN/H₂O (70:30) Flow rate: 1 mL min^-1 Elution: Isocratic Time of analysis: 20 minutes	Fluorescence λexi = 233 nm λemi= 302 nm	Lou et al. 2012
	LQ < 4 µg L^-1	Column: C8 and aminossílica C8 - (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 10 µm, with guard column 30 mm x 4 mm i.d Amino - 100 mm x 4 mm i.d, 3 µm Mobile phase: A/B (45:55) Phase A: isopOH/H₂O/ ACN Phase B: ACN:H₂O (45:55) Flow rate: 1.2 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 25 minutes	UV λreverse phase= 225 nm λnormal phase = 277 nm Fluorescence λexi = 230 nm λemi= 295 nm	Marcomini and Giger 1987
	Not available	Column: C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 10 µm) Mobile phase: HEX/THF (8:2) + isopOH/H₂O (9:1) Flow rate: 1.0 mL min^-1 Eluition: gradient	UV λ= 277 nm	Fytianos et al. 1997
	LD = 18 ng L^-1 LQ = 59 ng L^-1	Column: C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d) Mobile phase: ACN/H₂O (75:25) Flow rate: 0.8 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 40 minutes Injection volume: 40 µL	UV= 278 nm	Montagner and Jardim 2011
	LD = 0.03 µg L^-1 LQ = 0.08 µg L^-1	Column: C8 (125 mm x 3 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: HEX/2-propOH (98,5:1,5) Flow rate: 0,4 mL min^-1 Elution: Isocratic Time of analysis: 10 minutes	Fluorescence λexi = 228 nm λemi= 305 nm	Ahel et al. 2000
	LD = 1 ng L^-1	Column: C18 (55 mm x 2 mm i.d, 3 µm) Mobile phase: MeOH / H₂O Flow rate: 0.4 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 24 minutes Injection volume: 10 µL	MS	Petrovic et al. 2003
	Not available	Column: C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: MeOH/H₂O (75:25) Flow rate: 0.8 mL min^-1 Eluition: Isocratic	UV = 225 nm	Cao et al. 2013
	LQ = 0.1 µg L^-1	Column: C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: MeOH + ACN (1:1) / H₂O Flow rate: 0.8 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Injection volume: 20 µL Time of analysis: 15 minutes	MS	Jeannot et al. 2002
	Not available	Column: pentafluorfenil Mobile phase: H₂O c/ HCOOH + ACN/THF (1:9) Flow rate: 0.4 mL min^-1 Elution: Gradient Time of analysis: 25 minutes	MS	Ciofi et al. 2014
HPLC	LD = 0.76 µg L^-1	Column: C18 (150 mm x 2.1 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: H₂O + MeOH (4:6) Flow rate: 0.3 mL min^-1 Elution: Isocratic Time of analysis: 10 minutes Injection volume: 10 µL	MS	Sun et al. 2013
HPLC	LD = 0.04 ng L^-1 LQ = 0.1 ng L^-1	Column: C18 (30 mm x 2.1 mm i.d, 3,5 µm) Mobile phase: H₂O c/ NH₄OH (1% v/v) + MeOH Flow rate: 0.3 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 10 minutes Injection volume: 10 µL	MS	Sodré et al. 2010a
GC	LD = 42 ng L^-1 LQ = 140 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: ZB-5 Temperature: 100 °C - 320 °C Time of analysis: 20.4 minutes Derivatization: (MSTFA)	MS	Martinez and Peñuela 2013
	LD = 0.01 µg L^-1	Gas: He Column: HP-5MS Temperature: 60 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: 24 minutes	MS	Azevedo et al. 2001
	LD = 0.8 ng L^-1 LQ = 2.6 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: ZB-5 Temperature: 100 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: 25 minutes Derivatization: pyridine + BSTFA	MS	Liu et al. 2004
	LQ = 2 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: BPX-5 Temperature: 85 ºC - 300 ºC. Derivatization: BSTFA	MS	Jeannot et al. 2002
	LQ = 0.05 µg L^-1	Gas: He Column: HP-5MS Temperature: 90 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: 35 minutes	MS	Hernández et al. 2007
	LD = 0.05 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: DB-5MS Temperature: 80 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: 75 minutes Derivatization: PFBCl	MS	Kuch and Ballschmiter 2001
GC	LD = 10.9 ng L^-1 LQ = 36 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: TR-5MS Temperature: 60 °C - 320 °C Time of analysis: about 100 minutes	MS	Terzopoulou et al. 2014
	LD = 0.1 µg L^-1	Gas: He Column: DB-5MS Temperature: 70 °C - 285 °C Time of analysis: about 27 minutes Derivatization: DMS + DES + MNNG	MS	Díaz et al. 2002
	LD = 10 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: DB-5 Temperature: 80 °C - 310 °C Time of analysis: about 50 minutes	MS	Planas et al. 2002
	LD = 2.0 ng L^-1 LQ = 7.0 ng L^-1	Gas: He Column: HP-5 Temperature: 50 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: about 25 minutes Derivatization: 1) NaHCO3 + NaOH +stirring 2) HEX + HAc anhydrous +stirring	MS	Oketola, Fagbemigun 2013
	LD = 0.11 µg L^-1 LQ = 0.36 µg L^-1	Gas: He Column: DB-5MS Temperature: 80 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: 38 minutes Derivatization: MTBSTFA + 1% TBDMCS	MS	Sodré et al. 2010b

a- Limit of detection (LD).
b- Limit of quantification (LQ).
H2O = water; C8 = octil group bonded silica; C18 = octadecil group bonded silica; isopOH =Isopropyl Alcohol; BSTFA = bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; THF = tetrahydrofuran; DCM = dichlorometane; He = helium; ACN = acetonitrile; HEX = hexane; HCOOH = formic acid MTBSTFA = N-methyl-N-(tert-butyl dimethyl silicon) tri fluoroacetamide; TBDMCS = tert-butyl dimethyl chlorosilane; NaHCO₃ = sodium bicarbonate; HOAc = acetic acid; DMS = dimethyl sulfate; DES = diethyl sulfate; MNNG = methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine; PFBCl = pentafluorobenzyl chloride.
For fluorescence technique λexi λemi and refers to wavelengths of excitation and emission, respectively. MS refers to mass spectrometry.

TABLE IV Chromatographic analytical methods for determination of nonylphenol in solid matrices.

Technique	LQ^a e LD^b	Analytical Conditions^c	Detection^d	Reference
HPLC	LD = 0.005 mg kg^-1 LQ = 0.01 mg kg^-1	Column: C18 (250 mm x 4.6 mm i.d , 5 µm) Mobile phase: ACN/H₂O Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 40 minutes	Fluorescence λexi = 275 nm λMSi= 300 nm	Bernacka et al. 2009
	Not available	Guard-column: C18 (4 mm x 3 mm i.d, 3.2 µm) Mobile phase: H₂O/MeOH Flow rate: 0.2 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 18 minutes	MS	De Sousa Leite et al. 2010
	LD = 30 µg kg^-1	Column: C18 (150 mm x 4,6 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: ACN/H₂O Flow rate: 1 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 40 minutes	MS	Andreu et al. 2007
	LD = 0.5 µg kg^-1	Column: C18 (55 mm x 2 mm i.d, 3 µm) Mobile phase: MeOH / H₂O Flow rate: 0.4 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 24 minutes Injection volume: 10 µL	MS	Petrovic et al. 2003
	LQ = 1 ng g^-1	Column: C18 (150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d, 5 µm) Mobile phase: MeOH + ACN (1:1) / H₂O Flow rate: 0.8 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Injection volume: 20 µL Time of analysis: 15 minutes	MS	Jeannot et al. 2002
UPLC	LD = 2.2 ng g^-1	Column: C18 (50 mm x 2 mm i.d, 1.8 µm) Mobile phase: ACN/(HCOOH/NH4HCO₂) Flow rate: 0.4 mL min^-1 Elution: gradient Time of analysis: 4 minutes	MS	Lara-Martín et al. 2012
GC	LD = 0.04 µg g^-1 LQ = 0.13 µg g^-1	Gas: He Column: DB5MS Temperature: 80 °C - 280 °C Time of analysis: 22 minutes Derivatization: pyridine + BSTFA	MS	Gatidou et al. 2007
	LQ = 0.1 µg kg^-1	Gas: He Column: HP-5MS Derivatization: anthracene deuterated Temperature: 50 °C - 290 °C Time of analysis: 23 minutes	MS	Fiedler et al. 2007
	LD = 0.3 ng g^-1 LQ = 0.3 ng g^-1	Gas: He Column: HP-5 Temperature: 50 °C - 300 °C Time of analysis: about. 25 minutes Derivatization: 1) NaHCO₃ + NaOH + stirring 2) HEX + HOAc anhydrous + stirring	MS	Oketola, Fagbemigun 2013

a- Limit of detection (LD).
b- Limit of quantification (LQ).
c- ACN = acetonitrile; BSTFA = bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide; HCOOH= formic acid; NH4HCO2 = ammonium formiato; HEX = hexane; HOAc = acetic acid; NaHCO3 = sodium bicarbonate.
d - For fluorescence technique λexi λemi and refers to wavelengths of excitation and emission, respectively. MS refers to mass spectrometry.

How to cite

copy

Academia Brasileira de Ciências Rua Anfilófio de Carvalho, 29, 3º andar, 20030-060 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brasil, Tel: +55 21 3907-8100, CLOCKSS system has permission to ingest, preserve, and serve this Archival Unit - Rio de Janeiro - RJ - Brazil
E-mail: aabc@abc.org.br

Acompanhe os números deste periódico no seu leitor de RSS

Versão para download de PDF

PDF

Inglês

Versões e tradução automática

Versão original do texto

English

Tradução automática

Google Translator
Microsoft Translator

Como citar

RIS

BIBTEX

Outros formatos de citação e exportação:

SciELO - Scientific Electronic Library Online
Rua Dr. Diogo de Faria, 1087 – 9º andar – Vila Clementino 04037-003 São Paulo/SP - Brasil
E-mail: scielo@scielo.org

Leia a Declaração de Acesso Aberto

Métricas

Nonylphenol: Properties, legislation, toxicity and determination

PlumX

Mensagem

[1] Correspondence to: Yara Peluso Cid E-mail: yarapcid@gmail.com * Contribution to the centenary of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences.