Effect of fire under the soils on the organization of communities of three remnants of Amazonian savannas

Santos, Ronaldo Oliveira dos; Souza, Alan Pena de; Soares, Rubiene Neto; Rabelo, Fernando Galvão; Silva, Breno Marques da Silva e; Costa, Salustiano Vilar da

doi:10.1590/0102-33062019abb0399

Brasil

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Article • Acta Bot. Bras. 34 (3) • Jul-Sep 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-33062019abb0399 linkcopy

Effect of fire under the soils on the organization of communities of three remnants of Amazonian savannas

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Areas of cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in the Amazon have been poorly studied from the perspective of fire impacts on environmental sustainability, especially with regard to disturbances to soil and vegetation structure. This study aimed to analyze the influence of edaphic variables and fire together on the composition and structure of tree and shrub vegetation of three cerrado remnants in the Amazon. Eight plots were systematically installed in burned and unburned environments in each remnant. Data were submitted to floristic diversity, similarity, and diametric and altimetric structural assessments. Phytosociological parameters were obtained and submitted to Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). A total of 808 individuals (34 species, 30 genera, and 21 families) were recorded. The CCA indicated that the distribution of species is influenced by edaphic factors, as confirmed by the strong direct correlation of tree and shrub species with the reduced nutrition and high acidity of the soils common in the analyzed remnants. Our results support the hypothesis that fire plays a relevant role in structuring vegetation since it contributed to good indicators of soil properties and caused changes in the composition of woody species.

Keywords: amazon savannas; PCA; CCA; soil properties; phytosociological analysis

Tree stratum	Structural parameters	Area (1)		Area (2)		Area (3)
Tree stratum	Structural parameters	T1	T2	T1	T2	T1	T2
Adult	N	91.00	173.00	38.00	92.00	44.00	68.00
	BA	2.87	5.29	1.68	2.55	1.75	2.10
	S	10.0	12	6.0	10.0	6.00	6.00
	H’	1.44	1.86	1.15	1.38	1.22	1.38
	J’	0.67	0.78	0.60	0.65	0.65	0.71
Regenerant	N	62.00	56.00	43.00	49.00	47.00	45.00
	S	16.00	17.00	15.00	14.00	14.00	11.00
	H’	2.65	2.70	3.32	2.56	2.41	2.37
	J’	0.92	0.92	0.95	0.90	0.88	0.90

Species	N						IV
	T1			T2			T1			T2
	A1	A2	A3	A1	A2	A3	A1	A2	A3	A1	A2	A3
Byrsonima crassifolia (L) Kunth.	33	14	13	60	41	28	91.32	101.22	113.31	84.52	110.23	100.52
Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil.	19	19	11	77	34	27	55.53	131.74	71.87	119.13	108.36	120.77
Curatella americana L.	4	1	16	10	2	9	13.39	11.02	81.04	25.31	12.42	56.42
Palicourea rigida Kunth.	1	1	1	3	5	-	4.96	9.04	8.63	8.68	16.48	-
Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth.	5	-	-	-	-	-	20.3	-	-	-	-	-
Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson	13	1	-	5	-	-	55.01	10.96	-	15.56	-	-
Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers.	2	-	-	-	-	-	9.7	-	-	-	-	-
Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill.	1	-	-	4	1	1	6.08	-	-	6.48	8.45	7.14
Tabebuia aurea (Manso) Benth. & Hook.f.	2	-	-	-	-	-	5.96	-	-	-	-	-
Annona paludosa Aubl.	1	-	-	1	1	2	5.41	-	-	3.82	9.2	8.83
Platypodium elegans Vogel	9	-	-	-	-	-	27.4	-	-	-	-	-
Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy	1	-	-	-	-	-	4.96	-	-	-	-	-
Aegiphila verticillata Vell. H	-	2	-	-	1	1	-	36.02	-	-	6.39	6.31
Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.)	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	7.71	-	-	-
Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.)	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	17.43	-	-	-
Guettarda angelica Mart. ex Mull. Arg	-	-	-	7	-	-	-	-	-	18.72	-	-
Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth.	-	-	-	5	-	-	-	-	-	14.02	-	-
Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers.	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	3.76	-	-
Acacia mangium Willd.	-	-	-	-	4	-	-	-	-	-	13.85	-
Anacardium occidentale L.	-	-	-	-	2	-	-	-	-	-	8.71	-
Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth.	-	-	-	-	1	-	-	-	-	-	5.91	-
Total	91	38	44	173	92	68	300	300	300	300	300	300

Code	Species	Area (1)	Area (2)	Area (3)	Area (1)	Area (2)	Area (3)
Code	Species	T1 (N)	T1 (N)	T1 (N)	T2 (N)	T2 (N)	T2 (N)
Ac man	Acacia mangium Wild.	-	1.0	-	-	3.0	-
Ae ev	Aegiphila verticillata Vell. H.	-	7.0	3.0	-	6.0	4.0
An occ	Anacardium occidentale L.	-	1.0	-	-	-	-
An pa	Annona paludosa Aubl.	3.0	-	3.0	-	1.0	1.0
Br gau	Brosimum gaudichaudii Trec.	-	-	2.0	-	-	-
By co	Byrsonima coccolobifolia Kunth	4.0	-	-	3.0	-	-
By cra	Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kuntd	8.0	4.0	8.0	-	-	-
Ca sy	Casearia sylvestris Sw.	8.0	6.0	8.0	8.0	6.0	6.0
Cu ame	Curatella americana L.	5.0	2.0	1.0	2.0	4.0	4.0
Do den	Doliocarpus dentatus (Aubl.) Standl.	-	-	-	-	2.0	-
Er sub	Erythroxylum suberosum A. St.-Hil.	2.0	1.0	4.0	1.0	1.0	6.0
Eu pun	Eugenia punicifolia (Kunth) DC	-	-	1.0	-	-	-
Hi suc	Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce ex Müll. Arg.) Woodson	2.0	3.0	-	2.0	1.0	-
Myr fa	Myrcia fallax (Rich.) DC.	3.0	-	-	4.0	-	-
Myr sp	Myrcia splendens (Sw.) DC.	2.0	-	-	1.0	-	-
Ou hex	Ouratea hexasperma (A. St.-Hil.) Baill.	4.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	3.0	-
Pa rig	Palicourea rigida Kunth.	6.0	5.0	2.0	1.0	7.0	6.0
Pl el	Platypodium elegans Vogel	1.0	-	1.0	5.0	-	1.0
Pr hep	Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand	-	-	-	1.0	-	-
Psi gua	Psidium guajava L.	-	1.0	1.0	-	-	5.0
Pt nit	Pterogyne nitens Tul.	-	-	-	2.0	-	-
Rou mo	Roupala montana Aubl.	-	-	-	-	1.0	-
Sa con	Salvertia convallariodora A. St.-Hil.	7.0	6.0	8.0	4.0	7.0	6.0
Sa glan	Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong	-	-	-	-	1.0	-
Tab car	Tabebuia caraiba (Mart.)	-	1.0	1.0	-	-	3.0
Tap gui	Tapirira guianensis Aubl.	1.0	-	-	5.0	-	-
To for	Tocoyena formosa (Cham. & Schltdl.)	-	2.0	2.0	-	4.0	3.0
Vi cay	Vismia cayennensis (Jacq.) Pers.	-	-	-	6.0	-	-
Vi gui	Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy	5.0	2.0	-	8.0	2.0	-
Zan rho	Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam.	1.0	-	-	1.0	-	-

Soil attributes	A1		P	A2		P	A3		P
Soil attributes	T1	T2	P	T1	T2	P	T1	T2	P
pH (H₂O)	5.50 ± 0.16 a	4.97 ± 0.24 b	0.017	5.48 ± 0.27 a	4.95 ± 0.10 b	0.011	5.23 ± 0.23 a	5.03 ± 0.26 b	0.031
OM (g.kg^-1)	17.82 ± 2.27 a	15.72 ± 3.83 b	0.042	19.13 ± 3.31 a	17.04 ± 4.24 b	0.023	24.28 ± 7.42 a	18.09 ± 5.08 b	0.001
P (mg.dm^-3)	2.87 ± 0.66 a	2.11 ± 0.87 b	0.001	3.20 ± 0.52 a	2.12 ± 0.49 b	0.041	3.09 ± 0.75 a	1.84 ± 0.77 b	0.022
K (cmolc.dm^-3)	1.06 ± 0.06 a	0.73 ± 0.01 b	0.003	1.26 ± 0.06 a	0.54 ± 0.01 b	0.011	1.16 ± 0.04 a	0.89 ± 0.02 b	0.022
Ca + Mg (cmolc.dm^-3)	1.60 ± 0.68 a	1.05 ± 0.24 a	0.204	1.73 ± 0.52 a	1.40 ± 0.12 a	0.396	1.89 ± 0.16 a	1.44 ± 0.29 a	0.447
Al (cmolc.dm^-3)	0.45 ± 0.19 a	1.03 ± 0.14 a	0.064	1.10 ± 0.34 a	1.24 ± 0.36 a	0.186	1.09 ± 0.31 a	1.29 ± 0.44 a	0.143
H + Al (cmolc.dm^-3)	6.07 ± 0.43 a	6.92 ± 0.46 b	0.013	6.02 ± 0.77 a	6.87 ± 1.18 b	0.002	5.65 ± 1.19 a	6.86 ± 1.34 b	0.010
BS (cmolc.dm^-3)	1.90 ± 0.70 a	0.77 ± 0.27 a	0.225	1.28 ± 0.57 a	0.48 ± 0.10 a	0.288	1.60 ± 0.19 a	0.46 ± 0.30 a	0.434
CEC (cmolc.dm^-3)	8.77 ± 1.45 a	7.26 ± 1.33 b	0.001	7.62 ± 0.80 a	6.87 ± 0.59 b	0.012	7.21 ± 0.59 a	6.24 ± 0.95 b	0.003
Clay (das.kg^-1)	38.63 ± 4.05 a	40.34 ± 2.38 a	0.136	35.62 ± 6.33 a	37.65 ± 6.53 a	0.162	31.22 ± 14.79 a	35.54 ± 13.23 a	0.272
Sand (das.kg^-1)	41.97 ± 3.18 a	40.29 ± 3.30 a	0.085	36.60 ± 9.56 a	31.99 ± 9.32 a	0.413	37.92 ± 10.06 a	33.51 ± 9.39 a	0.343
Silt (das.kg^-1)	19.63 ± 2.64 a	20.87 ± 6.58 a	0.353	32.88 ± 8.61 a	30.99 ± 10.17 a	0.068	27.87 ± 9.22 a	25.16 ± 9.46 a	0.264

Variables	Axis 1	Axis 2	Axis 3
Eigenvalue	0.5132	0.5028	0.08015
Percentage of explained variance	41.21	36.77	7.645
Percentage of cumulative variance	41.21	77.98	85.625
Species-environment correlation	0.775	0.728	0.672
Significance of the correlation (Monte Carlo test)	0.01	0.01	0.02
Correlations of the internal variables
PC1	0.4136	0.8091	0.00801
PC2	-0.5021	-0.2986	-0.07088
PC3	0.3298	-0.5230	-0.23496

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[TFN1] N: total number of individuals/0.28ha; BA: basal area (m²/0.28ha); S: number of species; H’: Shannon-Wiener diversity index; J': Pielou equability index.