Acessibilidade / Reportar erro

A Ponta do Iceberg: Placa Coronária Não-Calcificada e o Tecido Adiposo Epicárdico

Palavras-chave
Tecido Adiposo / patologia; Doença Arterial Coronariana; Sinalização do Cálcio; Biomarcadores / análise; Cintilografia; Tomografia Computadorizada de Emissão

Ao Editor,

Foi com grande interesse que li o artigo "Relação entre o Escore de Cálcio e a Cintilografia Miocárdica no Diagnóstico da Doença Coronariana" de Siqueira et al.,11 Siqueira FP, Mesquita CT, Santos AA, Nacif MS. Relationship between calcium score and myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):365-74. recentemente publicado nos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia 2016; 107:367-74. Os investigadores relataram a possibilidade da remoção de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) extensiva quando o escore se mostra gravemente aumentado, o que justifica o uso deste método na avaliação inicial ou conjunta em pacientes assintomáticos com suspeita de DAC e na estratificação de risco coronário. A avaliação de pacientes sintomáticos com baixo risco, apesar da evidência sugestiva, deveria ser reavaliada em futuras diretrizes.11 Siqueira FP, Mesquita CT, Santos AA, Nacif MS. Relationship between calcium score and myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):365-74.

O tecido adiposo epicárdico (TAE) é anatomicamente contíguo com o miocárdio e diversos estudos já o apontaram como fator que potencialmente contribui com aterosclerose coronária.22 Lee HY, Després JP, Koh KK. Perivascular adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2013;230(2):177-84. O TAE é um tipo de tecido adiposo visceral com efeitos paracrinos e endócrinos.33 Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2460-6. O TAE funciona como fonte de energia para o miocárdio e secreta citocinas proaterogênicas.33 Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2460-6. O aumento do TAE não está apenas associados a uma prevalência mais alta de DAC, mas é também um parâmetro do prognóstico para futuros eventos cardiovasculares, e, por fim, mortalidade cardiovascular.44 Mahabadi AA, Berg MH, Lehmann N, Kälsch H, Bauer M, Kara K, et al. Association of epicardial fat with cardiovascular risk factors and incident myocardial infarction in the general population: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1388-95. Hwang et al.55 Hwang IC, Park HE, Choi SY. Epicardial adipose tissue contributes to the development of non-calcified coronary plaque: a 5-year computed tomography follow-up study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print]. relataram que um alto índice de volume de gordura epicárdica determinado por tomografia computadorizada apareceu como um fator de risco independente para o futuro desenvolvimento de placa coronária não-calcificada, mesmo após ajuste para fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais.

Com base nesses achados, a avaliação de TAE por tomografia computadorizada pode ser benéfica como parte de avaliações adicionais para futuros eventos cardiovasculares.

References

  • 1
    Siqueira FP, Mesquita CT, Santos AA, Nacif MS. Relationship between calcium score and myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):365-74.
  • 2
    Lee HY, Després JP, Koh KK. Perivascular adipose tissue in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2013;230(2):177-84.
  • 3
    Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, et al. Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation. 2003;108(20):2460-6.
  • 4
    Mahabadi AA, Berg MH, Lehmann N, Kälsch H, Bauer M, Kara K, et al. Association of epicardial fat with cardiovascular risk factors and incident myocardial infarction in the general population: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(13):1388-95.
  • 5
    Hwang IC, Park HE, Choi SY. Epicardial adipose tissue contributes to the development of non-calcified coronary plaque: a 5-year computed tomography follow-up study. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016 Aug 9. [Epub ahead of print].

Carta-resposta

Gostaríamos de agradecer o interesse e os comentários relacionados ao nosso recente artigo.11 Siqueira FP, Mesquita CT, Santos AA, Nacif MS. Relationship between calcium score and myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):365-74. Acreditamos que o grande embasamento científico referente à quantificação do cálcio coronariano demonstra claramente a importância desse método na estratificação de pacientes assintomáticos e com risco cardiovascular de baixo a intermediário.22 Valenti V, Ó Hartaigh B, Heo R, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, et al. A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium: a prospective follow-up of 9,715 individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(8):900-9.

3 Shaw LJ, Giambrone AE, Blaha MJ, Knapper JT, Berman DS, Bellam N, et al. Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):14-21.

4 McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, Blaha MJ, Post WS, Kronmal RA, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1643-53.

5 Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, McEvoy JW, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133(9):849-58.

6 Diederichsen AC, Mahabadi AA, Gerke O, Lehmann N, Sand NP, Moebus S, et al. Increased discordance between HeartScore and coronary artery calcification score after introduction of the new ESC prevention guidelines. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):143-9.
-77 Joshi PH, Patel B, Blaha MJ, Berry JD, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium predicts cardiovascular events in participants with a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:367-73.

As recentes publicações relacionadas ao escore de cálcio (EC) continuam apontando para as falhas de classificação dos escores clínicos e reforçam sua capacidade de distinção dos diferentes grupos de risco de eventos cardiovasculares. O papel de reclassificação dos escores clínicos, quando implementado o EC, é um alerta para a sua aplicabilidade clínica.22 Valenti V, Ó Hartaigh B, Heo R, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, et al. A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium: a prospective follow-up of 9,715 individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(8):900-9.

3 Shaw LJ, Giambrone AE, Blaha MJ, Knapper JT, Berman DS, Bellam N, et al. Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):14-21.

4 McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, Blaha MJ, Post WS, Kronmal RA, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1643-53.

5 Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, McEvoy JW, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133(9):849-58.

6 Diederichsen AC, Mahabadi AA, Gerke O, Lehmann N, Sand NP, Moebus S, et al. Increased discordance between HeartScore and coronary artery calcification score after introduction of the new ESC prevention guidelines. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):143-9.
-77 Joshi PH, Patel B, Blaha MJ, Berry JD, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium predicts cardiovascular events in participants with a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:367-73. Estudos populacionais com longos períodos de acompanhamento22 Valenti V, Ó Hartaigh B, Heo R, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, et al. A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium: a prospective follow-up of 9,715 individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(8):900-9.

3 Shaw LJ, Giambrone AE, Blaha MJ, Knapper JT, Berman DS, Bellam N, et al. Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):14-21.

4 McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, Blaha MJ, Post WS, Kronmal RA, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1643-53.

5 Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, McEvoy JW, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133(9):849-58.

6 Diederichsen AC, Mahabadi AA, Gerke O, Lehmann N, Sand NP, Moebus S, et al. Increased discordance between HeartScore and coronary artery calcification score after introduction of the new ESC prevention guidelines. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):143-9.
-77 Joshi PH, Patel B, Blaha MJ, Berry JD, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium predicts cardiovascular events in participants with a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:367-73. demonstraram que o uso do EC é uma das melhores ferramentas para se determinar o risco cardiovascular, mesmo quando comparado a outros marcadores.77 Joshi PH, Patel B, Blaha MJ, Berry JD, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium predicts cardiovascular events in participants with a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:367-73.

A potencial utilização do EC não fica somente na avaliação de risco cardiovascular, pois já se mostrou uma ferramenta útil na prevenção primária e no tratamento adequado das formas sub-clínicas da doença arterial coronariana.88 Pursnani A, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U. Guideline-based statin eligibility, coronary artery calcification, and cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2015;314(2):134-41.

9 Nasir K, Bittencourt MS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatson AS, Rivera JJ, et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Management Guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1657-68.

10 Isma'eel H, Min D, Al-Shaar L, Hachamovitch R, Halliburton S, Gentry J, et al. Assessing Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Categorization Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines and the Potential Impa. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(10):1480-5.

11 Waheed S, Pollack S, Roth M, Reichek N, Guerci A, Cao JJ. Collective impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcium score on clinical outcomes with or without statin therapy: The St Francis Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:193-9.

12 Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatston A, Rivera JJ, Virani SS, et al. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2014;129(1):77-86.

13 McEvoy JW, Martin SS, Dardari ZA, Miedema MD, Sandfort V, Yeboah J, et al. Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation. 2017;135(2):153-65.

14 Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Silverman MG, et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7(3):453-60.
-1515 Darabian S, Luo Y, Homat A, Khosraviani K, Wong N, Zeb I, et al. CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(8):678-85. A presença de um EC zero é um indicativo de risco muito baixo, muitas vezes isentando o paciente de tratamento precoce com estatinas de forma preventiva.88 Pursnani A, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U. Guideline-based statin eligibility, coronary artery calcification, and cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2015;314(2):134-41.

9 Nasir K, Bittencourt MS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatson AS, Rivera JJ, et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Management Guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1657-68.

10 Isma'eel H, Min D, Al-Shaar L, Hachamovitch R, Halliburton S, Gentry J, et al. Assessing Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Categorization Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines and the Potential Impa. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(10):1480-5.
-1111 Waheed S, Pollack S, Roth M, Reichek N, Guerci A, Cao JJ. Collective impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcium score on clinical outcomes with or without statin therapy: The St Francis Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:193-9. Enquanto por outro lado, na presença de EC diferente de zero, e principalmente > 100 Agatston, a introdução terapêutica pode ser indicada, mesmo nos pacientes que não se enquadram na indicação das atuais diretrizes para o uso de estatinas e de outras medicações, como os anti-hipertensivos.1010 Isma'eel H, Min D, Al-Shaar L, Hachamovitch R, Halliburton S, Gentry J, et al. Assessing Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Categorization Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines and the Potential Impa. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(10):1480-5.

11 Waheed S, Pollack S, Roth M, Reichek N, Guerci A, Cao JJ. Collective impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcium score on clinical outcomes with or without statin therapy: The St Francis Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:193-9.

12 Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatston A, Rivera JJ, Virani SS, et al. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2014;129(1):77-86.

13 McEvoy JW, Martin SS, Dardari ZA, Miedema MD, Sandfort V, Yeboah J, et al. Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation. 2017;135(2):153-65.

14 Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Silverman MG, et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7(3):453-60.
-1515 Darabian S, Luo Y, Homat A, Khosraviani K, Wong N, Zeb I, et al. CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(8):678-85.

Importantes mudanças nas diretrizes já podem ser notadas, posicionando o EC na classe de recomendação I para algumas de suas indicações.1616 Sara L, Szarf G, Tachibana A, Shiozaki AA, Villa AV, de Oliveira AC, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia. [II Guidelines on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian College of Radiology]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(6 Suppl 3):1-86. Entretanto, ainda existem recomendações divergentes,1717 Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315-81.

18 Mahabadi AA, Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Kälsch H, Dykun I, Pundt N, et al; Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC Primary Prevention Guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(2):143-53.

19 Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2935-59. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3026.
-2020 Wolk MJ, Bailey SR, Doherty JU, Douglas PS, Hendel RC, Kramer CM, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force. ACCF/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2013 multi- modality appropriate use criteria for the detection and risk assessment of stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(4):380-406. assim como nas orientações sobre o início da terapia para redução do risco cardiovascular que ainda não incluem os dados da calcificação coronariana, mesmo com dados robustos sustentando esse posicionamento.2121 Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889-934. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(24):2812; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3024-5.-2222 Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999-3058.

Por isso, acreditamos que nos próximos anos o método deverá assumir crescente importância nas diretrizes clínicas auxiliando no acompanhamento mais adequado dos pacientes de risco baixo e intermediário.

Atenciosamente,

Fabio Paiva Rossini Siqueira,

Claudio Tinoco Mesquita,

Alair Augusto Sarmet M. Damas dos Santos,

Marcelo Souto Nacif

  • 1
    Siqueira FP, Mesquita CT, Santos AA, Nacif MS. Relationship between calcium score and myocardial scintigraphy in the diagnosis of coronary disease. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(4):365-74.
  • 2
    Valenti V, Ó Hartaigh B, Heo R, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, et al. A 15-year warranty period for asymptomatic individuals without coronary artery calcium: a prospective follow-up of 9,715 individuals. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8(8):900-9.
  • 3
    Shaw LJ, Giambrone AE, Blaha MJ, Knapper JT, Berman DS, Bellam N, et al. Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(1):14-21.
  • 4
    McClelland RL, Jorgensen NW, Budoff M, Blaha MJ, Post WS, Kronmal RA, et al. 10-year coronary heart disease risk prediction using coronary artery calcium and traditional risk factors: derivation in the MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) with validation in the HNR (Heinz Nixdorf Recall) Study and the DHS (Dallas Heart Study). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1643-53.
  • 5
    Blaha MJ, Cainzos-Achirica M, Greenland P, McEvoy JW, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation. 2016;133(9):849-58.
  • 6
    Diederichsen AC, Mahabadi AA, Gerke O, Lehmann N, Sand NP, Moebus S, et al. Increased discordance between HeartScore and coronary artery calcification score after introduction of the new ESC prevention guidelines. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):143-9.
  • 7
    Joshi PH, Patel B, Blaha MJ, Berry JD, Blankstein R, Budoff MJ, et al. Coronary artery calcium predicts cardiovascular events in participants with a low lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2016;246:367-73.
  • 8
    Pursnani A, Massaro JM, D'Agostino RB, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U. Guideline-based statin eligibility, coronary artery calcification, and cardiovascular events. JAMA. 2015;314(2):134-41.
  • 9
    Nasir K, Bittencourt MS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatson AS, Rivera JJ, et al. Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol Management Guidelines: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(15):1657-68.
  • 10
    Isma'eel H, Min D, Al-Shaar L, Hachamovitch R, Halliburton S, Gentry J, et al. Assessing Level of Agreement for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Categorization Between Coronary Artery Calcium Score and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cardiovascular Prevention Guidelines and the Potential Impa. Am J Cardiol. 2016;118(10):1480-5.
  • 11
    Waheed S, Pollack S, Roth M, Reichek N, Guerci A, Cao JJ. Collective impact of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and coronary calcium score on clinical outcomes with or without statin therapy: The St Francis Heart Study. Atherosclerosis. 2016;255:193-9.
  • 12
    Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Blankstein R, Agatston A, Rivera JJ, Virani SS, et al. Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2014;129(1):77-86.
  • 13
    McEvoy JW, Martin SS, Dardari ZA, Miedema MD, Sandfort V, Yeboah J, et al. Coronary artery calcium to guide a personalized risk-based approach to initiation and intensification of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation. 2017;135(2):153-65.
  • 14
    Miedema MD, Duprez DA, Misialek JR, Blaha MJ, Nasir K, Silverman MG, et al. Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2014;7(3):453-60.
  • 15
    Darabian S, Luo Y, Homat A, Khosraviani K, Wong N, Zeb I, et al. CAC score as a possible criterion for administration of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers: the MultiEthnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Coron Artery Dis. 2015;26(8):678-85.
  • 16
    Sara L, Szarf G, Tachibana A, Shiozaki AA, Villa AV, de Oliveira AC, et al; Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia; Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia. [II Guidelines on Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology and the Brazilian College of Radiology]. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014;103(6 Suppl 3):1-86.
  • 17
    Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, Albus C, Brotons C, Catapano AL, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315-81.
  • 18
    Mahabadi AA, Möhlenkamp S, Lehmann N, Kälsch H, Dykun I, Pundt N, et al; Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators. CAC score improves coronary and CV risk assessment above statin indication by ESC and AHA/ACC Primary Prevention Guidelines. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10(2):143-53.
  • 19
    Goff DC Jr, Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, Coady S, D'Agostino RB Sr, Gibbons R, et al; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2935-59. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3026.
  • 20
    Wolk MJ, Bailey SR, Doherty JU, Douglas PS, Hendel RC, Kramer CM, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force. ACCF/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2013 multi- modality appropriate use criteria for the detection and risk assessment of stable ischemic heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Failure Society of America, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(4):380-406.
  • 21
    Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, Bairey Merz CN, Blum CB, Eckel RH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2889-934. Erratum in: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(24):2812; J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):3024-5.
  • 22
    Catapano AL, Graham I, De Backer G, Wiklund O, Chapman MJ, Drexel H, et al. 2016 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the Management of Dyslipidaemias. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(39):2999-3058.

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    Abr 2017

Histórico

  • Recebido
    28 Out 2016
  • Revisado
    19 Jan 2017
  • Aceito
    19 Jan 2017
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