Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Parameters in Powerlifters and Long-Distance Runners: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Silva, Diego Vidaletti; Waclawovsky, Gustavo; Kramer, Ana Beatriz; Stein, Cinara; Eibel, Bruna; Grezzana, Guilherme Brasil; Schaun, Maximiliano Isoppo; Lehnen, Alexandre Machado

doi:10.5935/abc.20180167

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Original Article • Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 111 (6) • Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180167 copy

Comparison of Cardiac and Vascular Parameters in Powerlifters and Long-Distance Runners: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background:

Cardiac remodeling is a specific response to exercise training and time exposure. We hypothesized that athletes engaging for long periods in high-intensity strength training show heart and/or vascular damage.

Objective:

To compare cardiac characteristics (structure and function) and vascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD] and peripheral vascular resistance [PVR]) in powerlifters and long-distance runners.

Methods:

We evaluated 40 high-performance athletes (powerlifters [PG], n = 16; runners [RG], n = 24) and assessed heart structure and function (echocardiography), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP), FMD, PVR, maximum force (squat, bench press, and deadlift), and maximal oxygen uptake (spirometry). A Student’s t Test for independent samples and Pearson’s linear correlation were used (p < 0.05).

Results:

PG showed higher SBP/DBP (p < 0.001); greater interventricular septum thickness (p < 0.001), posterior wall thickness (p < 0.001) and LV mass (p < 0.001). After adjusting LV mass by body surface area (BSA), no difference was observed. As for diastolic function, LV diastolic volume, wave E, wave e’, and E/e’ ratio were similar for both groups. However, LA volume (p = 0.016) and BSA-adjusted LA volume were lower in PG (p < 0.001). Systolic function (end-systolic volume and ejection fraction), and FMD were similar in both groups. However, higher PVR in PG was observed (p = 0.014). We found a correlation between the main cardiovascular changes and total weight lifted in PG.

Conclusions:

Cardiovascular adaptations are dependent on training modality and the borderline structural cardiac changes are not accompanied by impaired function in powerlifters. However, a mild increase in blood pressure seems to be related to PVR rather than endothelial function.

Keywords:
Hypertrohy,Ventricular; Exercise; Exercise MovementTechniques; Blood Pressure; Resistance Training; Running/physiology

	PG (n = 16) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	RG (n = 24) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	p-value
Age (years)	29.9 ± 4.4 (27.5–32.2) Min 20 and Max 36	28.7 ± 5.7 (26.3–31.1) Min 18 and Max 40	0.490
Body mass (kg)	99.2 ± 21.5 (87.6–110.7) Min 75 and Max 135	71.7 ± 9.2 (67.7–75.6) Min 58 and Max 84	< 0.001
Height (cm)	176 ± 0.8 (172–181) Min 164 and Max 195	175 ± 0.8 (172–179) Min 161 and Max 193	0.736
Chest circumference (cm)	113.2 ± 13.4 (106–120.4) Min 94.5 and Max 144	86.9 ± 8.6 (83.2–90.5) Min 61 and Max 100	< 0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	95.1 ± 12.9 (88.2–102) Min 78 and Max 117	78.6 ± 5.7 (76.2–81.1) Min 69 and Max 92	< 0.001
Duration of training (years)	5.12 ± 2.0 (4.0–6.2) Min 3 and Max 10	7.8 ± 2.6 (6.7–8.9) Min 3 and Max 10	0.001
Weekly duration of training (days)	3.9 ± 1.0 (3.3–4.4) Min 3 and Max 5	5.4 ± 1.0 (4.9–5.8) Min 3 and Max 7	< 0.001
Daily duration of training (min/day)	69.3 ± 14.4 (61.7–77.0) Min 60 and Max 90	98.7 ± 28.6 (86.6–110.8) Min 60 and Max 120	0.001

	PG (n = 16) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	RG (n = 24) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	p-value
Squat (kg)	212.2 ± 46.4 (187.4–236.9) Min 140 and Max 302	98.9 ± 27.1 (87.4–110.6) Min 56 and Max 160	< 0.001
Squat/body mass	2.16 ± 0.27 (2.01–2.30) Min 1.6 and Max 2.6	1.37 ± 0.30 (1.24–1.50) Min 1.0 and Max 2.3	< 0.001
Bench press (kg)	145.5 ± 32.9 (127.9–163.1) Min 110 and Max 220	59.0 ± 16.5 (52.0–66.0) Min 40 and Max 94	< 0.001
Bench press/body mass	1.49 ± 0.26 (1.35–1.62) Min 1.1 and Max 2.1	0.81 ± 0.17 (0.74–0.89) Min 0.6 and Max 1.2	< 0.001
Deadlift (kg)	239.0 ± 66.5 (203.6–274.5) Min 150 and Max 370	102.4 ± 27.8 (90.6–114.2) Min 53 and Max 140	< 0.001
Deadlift/body mass	2.43 ± 0.49 (2.16–2.69) Min 1.5 and Max 3.1	1.45 ± 0.41 (1.28–1.63) Min 0.6 and Max 2.0	< 0.001
Total load (kg)	596.8 ± 137.4 (532.6–670.1) Min 413 and Max 890	260.4 ± 43.8 (241.9–278.9) Min 191 and Max 341	< 0.001
Total load/body mass	6.07 ± 0.89 (5.59–6.55) Min 4.4 and Max 7.4	3.64 ± 0.48 (3.44–3.85) Min 2.6 and Max 4.6	< 0.001

	PG (n = 16) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	RG (n = 24) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	p-value
Resting SBP (mmHg)	130.0 ± 8.2 (124.5–134.0) Min 120 and Max 140	116.4 ± 8.6 (112.8–120.1) Min 110 and Max 140	< 0.001
Resting DBP (mmHg)	82.1 ± 6.9 (78.1–68.1) Min 70 and Max 95	72.0 ± 6.5 (69.3–74.8) Min 60 and Max 80	< 0.001
Resting heart rate (bpm)	80.4 ± 7.5 (76.0–84.8) Min 69 and Max 94	64.7 ± 10.3 (60.3–69.1) Min 45 and Max 90	< 0.001
Maximum heart rate (bpm)	180.2 ± 13.7^‡ ‡ p < 0.05 vs. baseline value within the same group. (173.2–188.2) Min 158 and Max 209	184.3 ± 14.7^‡ ‡ p < 0.05 vs. baseline value within the same group. (178.1–190.5) Min 167 and Max 224	0.403
VO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	33.9 ± 7.5 (29.6–38.9) Min 24 and Max 43	56.0 ± 7.3 (52.7–62.1) Min 45 and Max 74	< 0.001
VCO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	36.6 ± 9.3 (31.2–42.0) Min 24 and Max 57	58.0 ± 7.5 (55.2–61.6) Min 45 and Max 87	0.028
Pulmonary ventilation (L.min^-1)	103.5 ± 17.6 (93.3–113.7) Min 76 and Max 136	112.4 ± 14.9 (106.1–118.7) Min 85 and Max 157	0.106

	PG (n = 16) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	RG (n = 24) Mean ± SD (95% CI)	p-value
Anatomical structures
Aorta diameter (mm)	31.3 ± 3 (29.7–32.9) Min 25 and Max 36	32.0 ± 2.7 (30.8–33.2) Min 29 and Max 38	0.410
LA diameter (mm)	36.0 ± 2.5 (34.6–37.3) Min 30 and Max 39	35.6 ± 2 (34.7–36.5) Min 32 and Max 39	0.632
RV diameter (mm)	20.3 ± 1.2 (19.6–20.9) Min 18 and Max 22	20.5 ± 2 (19.6–21.4) Min 16 and Max 25	0.689
LV end-systolic diameter (mm)	30.7 ± 3.9 (28.6–32.8) Min 23 and Max 37	30.2 ± 2.9 (28.9–31.5) Min 25 and Max 36	0.671
LV end-diastolic diameter (mm)	53.4 ± 3.3 (51.5–55.3) Min 45 and Max 60	53.7 ± 3.3 (52.2–55.2) Min 45 and Max 57	0.770
Interventricular septum thickness (mm)	12.0 ± 1.0 (10.6–12.3) Min 10 and Max 14	9.6 ± 0.4 (9.4–9.9) Min 9 and Max 10	< 0.001
Ventricular posterior wall thickness (mm)	10.4 ± 0.9 (9.9–10.9) Min 9 and Max 12	9.1 ± 0.5 (8.9–9.4) Min 8 and Max 10	< 0.001
LV mass (g)	282.2 ± 73.4 (243–321.4) Min 150 and Max 406	235.7 ± 26.0 (224.2–247.3) Min 179 and Max 276	< 0.001
LV mass/BSA (g/m²)	135.6 ± 24.9 (136.1–133.6) Min 90 and Max 173	127.8 ± 16.9 (120.3–135.4) Min 104 and Max 166	0.262
Diastolic function
End-diastolic volume (mL)	145.0 ± 18.9 (134.9–155.1) Min 92 and Max 173	138.1 ± 17.2 (130.5–145.8) Min 92 and Max 160	0.251
Transmitral E-wave velocity	0.83 ± 0.15 (0.75–0.90) Min 0.6 and Max 1.1	0.91 ± 0.15 (0.84–0.97) Min 0.6 and Max 1.3	0.124
e’ wave	0.15 ± 0.03 (0.13–0.17) Min 0.1 and Max 0.2	0.17 ± 0.34 (0.15–0.19) Min 0.1 and Max 0.2	0.062
E/e’ ratio	5.69 ± 1.05 (5.12–6.24) Min 4.1 and Max 8.0	5.56 ± 1.76 (4.78–6.34) Min 3.0 and Max 11.8	0.808
Transmitral A-wave velocity	0.35 ± 0.03 (0.33–0.37) Min 0.3 and Max 0.4	0.38 ± 0.04 (0.36–0.40) Min 0.3 and Max 0.5	0.047
LA volume (mL)	35.7 ± 8.5 (31.2–40.2) Min 22 and Max 53	43.6 ± 10.2 (39.1–48.2) Min 32 and Max 76	0.016
LA volume/BSA (mL/m²)	16.7 ± 4.1 (14.5–18.8) Min 11 and Max 27	23.4 ± 4.6 (21.4–25.5) Min 16 and Max 37	< 0.001
Systolic function
End-systolic volume (mL)	38.0 ± 11.2 (31.9–44) Min 18 and Max 58	34.8 ± 9.3 (30.6–38.9) Min 22 and Max 54	0.348
Ejection fraction (%)	73.0 ± 4.5 (70.5–75.4) Min 67 and Max 80	74.3 ± 4.6 (72.3–76.3) Min 65 and Max 86	0.383
Ejection fraction by Simpson’s rule (%)	71.6 ± 4.8 (69.1–74.2) Min 62 and Max 79	72.7 ± 5.9 (70.1–75.4) Min 61 and Max 81	0.568

	Total load (kg)	Duration of strength training (years)	Weekly duration of training (days)	Daily duration of training (min/day)
Interventricular septum thickness (mm)	0.733^† † p < 0.001 and	0.411	0.286	0.212
Posterior ventricular wall thickness (mm)	0.680^† † p < 0.001 and	0.365	0.274	0.225
LV mass (g)	0.689^† † p < 0.001 and	0.407	0.213	0.248
Resting heart rate (bpm)	0.706^† † p < 0.001 and	0.505	–0.149	0.201
Baseline SBP (mmHg)	0.029	0.377	0.258	0.453
Baseline DBP (mmHg)	0.490	0.762^† † p < 0.001 and	0.581^* * p < 0.05.	0.151
VO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	–0.459	–0.093	0.048	0.135
VCO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	–0.623^* * p < 0.05.	–0.133	–0.051	–0.022

	VO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	VCO₂ max (mL.kg^-1.min^-1)	Pulmonary ventilation (L.min^-1)	Duration of strength training (years)	Weekly duration of training (days)	Daily duration of training (min/day)
Interventricular septum thickness (mm)	–0.640^* * p < 0.05.	0.362	0.303	–0.630^* * p < 0.05.	0.150	0.136
Posterior ventricular wall thickness (mm)	0.001	–0.016	0.209	0.260	–0.139	0.032
LV mass (g)	–0.140	–0.137	–0.015	–0.110	–0.248	–0.100
Resting heart rate (bpm)	–0.650^* * p < 0.05.	–0.550	–0.414	–0.659^* * p < 0.05.	–0.163	–0.244
Baseline SBP (mmHg)	0.177	0.311	0.341	–0.074	–0.023	–0.212
Baseline DBP (mmHg)	0.183	0.279	0.258	0.701	0.254	–0.101

	Squat (kg)		Bench press (kg)		Deadlift (kg)		VO₂ max (mL. kg^-1.min^-1)		Resting heart rate (bpm)		Duration of strength training (years)		Weekly duration of training (days)		Daily duration of training (min/ day)
	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG	PG	RG
FMD (%)	0.710^† † < 0.001,	0.351	0.242	0.165	0.654^† † < 0.001,	–0.383	0.073	–0.349	0.489	–0.107	0.688^* * p < 0.05.	0.165	0.491	–0.123	0.770^† † < 0.001,	–0.079

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