Sports Practices and Cardiovascular Risk in Teenagers

Scherr, Carlos; Fabiano, Leonardo Corrêa Castro; Guerra, Renata Leborato; Belém, Luciano Herman Juacaba; Câmara, Ana Carolina Gurgel; Campos, Adriana

doi:10.5935/abc.20180024

Brasil

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Original Article • Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 110 (3) • Mar 2018 • https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180024 linkcopy

Sports Practices and Cardiovascular Risk in Teenagers

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of deaths in the world, and many events could be prevented by healthy life habits.

Objectives: To compare the occurrence of cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents enrolled at public schools in the city of Rio de Janeiro, including a renowned school for sport practices.

Methods: Cross-sectional study, convenience sampling of 422 students enrolled at the Experimental Olympic Gymnasium (EOG) and at Figueiredo Pimentel School (FP). Using descriptive analyses, continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile ranges, and the Student's t-test or the chi-square test, respectively, was used for comparisons. The sports were classified according to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) (below or above 5).

Results: We included 274 students enrolled at the EOG and 148 at FP. Mean age was similar between schools -12.5 ± 1.6 years at FP and 12.6 ± 0.9 at the EOG; 65.5% of the students at FP and 43.8% of the students at the EOG were female (p < 0.01). Significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension (20% vs. 6.3%, p < 0.01) and borderline cholesterol levels (27.7% vs. 17.3%, p = 0.01) were found between FP and EOG students, respectively.

Conclusion: High prevalence of hypertension, overweight/obesity and altered blood lipid profile was found in this group of adolescents. Regular sports training program combined with little influence of their eating habits outside school may contribute to a better metabolic profile and reduction in cardiovascular risk factors in students. Public health measures are also need.

Keywords: Cardiovascular Diseases / mortality; Risk Factors; Adolescent; Obesity; Hypertension; Exercise; Preventive Health Services

		FP (N = 148)		EOG (N = 274)		p value^ chi-square test (for the categorical variable 'sex') or Student's t-test (for the continuous variable 'age'). N/A: not applicable
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age		12.5	0.9	12.6	1.6	0.591
		N	%	N	%
Sex	Male	51		154	56.2	< 0.01
Sex	Female	97		120	43.8
Types of sports^* * each activity is considered as 1 unit (260 students practiced 1 activity, 4 students practiced 2 activities, and 1 student practiced 3 activities);	Low MET (< 5.0)
	Table tennis	-	-	32	11.4
	Chess	-	-	25	8.9
	High MET (> 5.0)
	Volleyball	-	-	44	15.7	N/A
	Soccer	-	-	41	14.6
	Handball	-	-	39	13.9
	Swimming	-	-	36	12.9
	Athletics	-	-	33	11.8
	Judo	-	-	29	10.4
	Unknown	-	-	1	0.4

		FP (N=148)		EOG (N=274)		p value^* * chi-square test.
		N	%	N	%	p value^* * chi-square test.
Nutritional status (BMI)	Underweight	-	-	2	0.8
	Normal weight	77	59.2	165	62.0	0.531
	Overweight	33	25.4	64	24.1
	Obesity	20	15.4	35	13.2	0.567
	Unknown	18	12.2	8	2.9
Blood pressure	Normal	93	71.5	235	87.0
	Prehypertension	10	7.7	18	6.7	0.691
	Hypertension	26	20.0	17	6.3	< 0.01
	Unknown	19	12.8	4	1.5
Capillary blood glucose	Desirable (< 101 mg/dL)	147	100	260	99.6	1.000
	Borderline (101-116 mg/dL)	-	-	1	0.4
	Increased (≥ 117 mg/dL)	-	-	-	-
	Unknown	1	0.7	13	4.7
Total cholesterol	Desirable (< 170 mg/dL)	102	68.9	215	79.0	0.021
	Borderline (170-199 mg/dL)	41	27.7	47	17.3	0.012
	Increased (≥ 200 mg/dL)	5	3.4	10	3.7	0.875
	Unknown	-	-	2	0.7
Triglycerides	Desirable (< 90 mg/dL)	76	51.4	89	50.3	0.848
	Borderline (90-129 mg/dL)	42	28.4	37	20.9	0.118
	Increased (≥ 130 mg/dL)	30	20.3	51	28.8	0.076
	Unknown	-	-	97	35.4

		Low MET (N = 56)		High MET (N = 217)		p value^* * chi square test (for categorical variables) or Student's t-test (for continuous variables)
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Weight (kg)/BMI		48.5	13.0	53.3	13.1	0.02
Weight (kg)/BMI		20.0	4.8	20.9	4.4	0.20
		N	%	N	%
Nutritional status /BMI	Underweight	-	-	2	0.9
	Normal weight	37	68.5	127	60.2	0.44
	Overweight	9	16.7	55	26.1	0.15
	Obesity	8	14.8	27	12.8	0.72
	Unknown	2	3.6	6	2.8
Blood pressure	Normal	48	85.7	186	87.3	0.28
	Prehypertension	6	10.7	12	5.6	0.22
	Hypertension	2	3.6	15	7.0	0.54
	Unknown	-	-	4	1.8
Capillary blood glucose	Desirable (< 101 mg/dL)	54	98.2	205	100	0.21
	Borderline (101-116 mg/dL)	1	1.2	-	-
	Increased (≥ 117 mg/dL)	-	-	-	-
	Unknown	1	1.8	12	5.5
Total cholesterol	Desirable (< 170 mg/dL)	39	69.6	175	81.4	0.11
	Borderline (170-199 mg/dL)	15	26.8	32	14.9	0.04
	Increased (≥ 200 mg/dL)	2	3.6	8	3.7
	Unknown	-	-	2	0.9
Triglycerides	Desirable (< 90 mg/dL)	20	50.0	68	50.0	0.98
	Borderline (90-129 mg/dL)	8	20.0	29	21.3
	Increased (≥ 130 mg/dL)	12	30.0	39	28.7
	Unknown	16	28.6	81	37.3

		FP (N = 148)		EOG (N = 274)		p value^* * chi-square test (for categorical variables) or Student's t-test (for the continuous variable 'age')
		Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age		39,3	8,8	41,3	9,2	0,07
		N	%	N	%
Sex	Male	13	13.1	40	15.9	0.519
	Female	86	86.9	212	84.1
	Unknown	49	33.1	22	8.0
Physical activity	No	71	83.5	131	52.0	< 0.01
	Yes	14	16.5	121	48.0
	Unknown	63	42.6	22	8.0
Smoking	No	66	77.6	208	82.9	0.26
	Yes	19	22.4	40	15.9
	Ex-smokers	-	-	3	1.2
	Unknown	63	42.6	23	8.4
SAH	No	59	69.4	200	80.6	0.03
	Yes	26	30.6	48	19.4
	Unknown	63	42.6	26	9.5
Diabetes	No	79	92.9	240	95.6	0.39
	Yes	6	7.1	11	4.4
	Unknown	63	42.6	23	8.4
Previous AMI	No	83	96.5	247	98.4	0.38
	Yes	3	3.5	4	1.6
	Unknown	62	41.9	23	8.4
Previous stroke	No	86	100	250	99.6	1.00
	Yes	-	-	1	0.4
	Unknown	62	41.9	23	8.4
High cholesterol	No	71	86.6	228	91.6	0.19
	Yes	11	13.4	21	8.4
	Unknown	66	44.6	25	9.1

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[TFN1] SD: standard deviation; MET: metabolic equivalent of task.

[TFN2] ^*
each activity is considered as 1 unit (260 students practiced 1 activity, 4 students practiced 2 activities, and 1 student practiced 3 activities);

[TFN3] ^**
chi-square test (for the categorical variable 'sex') or Student's t-test (for the continuous variable 'age'). N/A: not applicable