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Heart failure: walk test versus peak oxygen consumption

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Heart failure: walk test versus peak oxygen consumption

Guilherme Veiga Guimarães; Jean Marcelo Roque; Edimar Alcides Bocchi

Instituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo; Laboratório de Atividade Física e Saúde - Centro de Práticas Esportivas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil

Mailing address Mailing Address: Guilherme Veiga Guimarães Rua Dr. Baeta Neves, 98, Pinheiros 05444050 - São Paulo, SP, Brazil E-mail: gvguima@usp.br

Keywords: Heart failure; walking; exercise; respiratory function tests.

Dear Editor,

The six-minute walk test (6MWT) is a simple assessment of physical capacity in patients with heart failure (HF) and can be performed in a hallway or on the treadmill 1. It is suggested that the kind of effort during the 6MWT resemble the daily activities, enabling the patient to determine the rhythm of walking 2.

Carvalho et al 3 evaluated the reproducibility of the 6MWT in the hallway, as well as the correlation of the variables VO2, WD and HR in the sixth minute of the 6MWT with those of the cycle ergometer peak cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in HF. The authors demonstrated reproducibility between the 6MWTs and correlation with the CPET, concluding that the 6MWT is a reliable and low-cost assessment tool for the prescription of exercise in HF. However, the assessment of functional capacity in cycle ergometer shows a difference of 10 to 15% less when compared to that obtained with the treadmill test 4. Thus, the correlation found in this study can be the difference between the types of tests. Moreover, the intensity of walking during the 6MWT in HF is influenced by verbal encouragement, as demonstrated by Guimarães et al 1.

Discussions about the reproducibility of the 6MWT are not recent, as well as its safe use in HF 2. Nevertheless, in our country, there has been no longitudinal study involving a significant number of patients with HF of nonischemic, ischemic and chagasic etiology. Furthermore, the use of this test for exercise prescription is purely theoretical, making larger studies necessary to clarify its applicability for this purpose.

References

1. Guimarães GV, Bellotti G, Bacal F, Mocelin A, Bocchi EA. Can the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test reproduce the usual activities of patients with heart failure? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;78(6):553-60.

2. Guimarães GV, Carvalho VO, Bocchi EA. Reproducibility of the self-controlled six-minute walking test in heart failure patients. Clinics. 2008;63(2):201-6.

3. Carvalho EEV, Costa DC, Crescêncio JC, De Santi GL, Papa V, Marques F, et al. Heart failure: comparison between six-minute Walk Test and Cardiopulmonary Test. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(1):59-64.

4. Fletcher F, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1694-740.

Manuscript received July 26, 2011; revised manuscript received August 17, 2011; accepted August 17, 2011.

Reply

In a letter sent to the editor of the Brazilian Archives of Cardiology, the reader of the article published in this journal asks questions and makes comments about our recently published results, indicating that the 6MWT can be performed either in the hallway or on the treadmill. Considering that, it should be emphasized that the use of the 6MWT in our study followed the guidelines of the American Thoracic Society Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test 1. These guidelines do not recommend the use of a treadmill for the performance of such a test, despite the economy of space, as patients are unable to properly choose the parameters of the ergometer during the test performance (gait speed and their variations, duration of one or more interruptions of the movement, etc.), as in the test carried out in the hallway. Furthermore, studies show that the distance walked in the 6MWT in a same group of patients is significantly longer, when compared to the one performed on the treadmill 2,3.

Moreover, in the original manuscript, we did not compare the absolute maximum values ​​of each variable in the 6MWT to those obtained in the CPET, as we believe, as the reader suggests, that the 6MWT is representative of the patient's performance in submaximal loads of physical exertion, while the CPET was conceived and designed, in the present study, to be a stress test of maximum intensity. This aspect was well expressed in the presentation of results and discussion of the manuscript. Instead of seeking comparisons between the absolute values​​, the basic goal of the study was to test the degree of correlation between the magnitude of physical fitness at the CPET and the performance at the 6MWT. On the other hand, investigations regarding the comparison of performance in patients who underwent 6MWT and CPET in a cycle ergometer have been reported by other authors 1,3-5.

When discussing the original article, it was emphasized that the difference found in the average VO2 peak of the 6MWT compared to that obtained in the CPET was due to the formula used to calculate the VO2 during the 6MWT, which overestimates the real value of VO2 peak. Thus, contrary to what the reader's letter suggests, it is not necessary to take into account the specificity of exercise in relation to the type of ergometer used to explain the observed differences. On the other hand, during the performance of both tests, all patients received verbal encouragement to voluntarily reach the best performance compatible with the existing functional reserve, following the recommendations of the aforementioned guidelines 1,6. Having said that, we are convinced that the documented results were not influenced by the lack of such encouragement.

The results of our study lead to the conclusion that the 6MWT may be an alternative, not a substitute to the CPET and that it has shown to be safe and effective in quantifying the functional reserve of the cardiovascular system of patients with HF. Finally we should mention that, in spite of the favorable evidence regarding the use of the 6MWT published by us, they are preliminary ones and studies with larger samples are needed to definitively demonstrate the effectiveness of the 6MWT when prescribing physical training to patients with HF.

Sincerely,

Eduardo Elias Vieira de Carvalho

Marcus Vinícius Simões

Lourenço Gallo Junior

References

Correspondência:

Guilherme Veiga Guimarães

Rua Dr. Baeta Neves, 98, Pinheiros

05444050 - São Paulo, SP, Brasil

E-mail: gvguima@usp.br

Artigo recebido em 26/07/11; revisado recebido em 17/08/11; aceito em 17/08/11.

Carta-resposta

Em carta enviada ao editor dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o leitor do artigo publicado nesse periódico formula indagações e comentários sobre nossos resultados recentemente publicados, mencionando que o TC6 pode ser realizado tanto em corredor quanto em esteira. Tendo isso em vista, convém ressaltar que a aplicação do TC6 em nosso estudo seguiu as orientações da American Thoracic Society Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk.1 Essas diretrizes não recomendam o uso de esteira para a realização do referido teste, apesar da economia de espaço, pois os pacientes são incapazes de escolher adequadamente os parâmetros do ergômetro durante a execução do teste (velocidade da marcha e suas variações, duração de uma ou mais interrupções do movimento etc.), como ocorre no teste em corredor. Além disso, estudos mostram que a distância percorrida no TC6, em um mesmo grupo de pacientes, é significativamente maior em comparação à realizada na esteira2,3

Além disso, no manuscrito original, não comparamos os valores máximos absolutos de cada variável no TC6 aos obtidos no TCP, pois acreditamos, assim como o leitor sugere, que o TC6 seja representativo do desempenho do paciente em cargas submáximas de esforço físico, enquanto o TCP foi concebido e programado, no presente trabalho, para ser um teste de esforço de intensidade máxima. Esse aspecto ficou bem explicitado na apresentação dos resultados e da discussão do manuscrito. Ao contrário de buscar comparações entre os valores absolutos, o objetivo básico do estudo foi testar o grau de correlação entre a magnitude da aptidão física no TCP e do desempenho no TC6. Por outro lado, investigações referentes à comparação do desempenho dos pacientes submetidos ao TC6 em corredor e ao TCP em cicloergômetro já foram relatadas por outros autores1,3--5

Na discussão do artigo original, destacou-se que a diferença encontrada no valor médio do VO2pico do TC6, em comparação ao obtido no TCP, decorreu da fórmula utilizada para o cálculo do VO2 no TC6, a qual superestima o valor real do VO2pico. Dessa forma, ao contrário do que sugere a carta do leitor, não é necessário levar em consideração a especificidade do exercício, em relação ao tipo de ergômetro utilizado, para explicar as diferenças encontradas. Por outro lado, durante a realização de ambos os testes, todos os pacientes receberam frases de incentivo para que voluntariamente atingissem o melhor desempenho compatível com a reserva funcional existente, seguindo as orientações das mencionadas diretrizes1,,6 Posto isso, temos a convicção de que os resultados documentados não foram influenciados pela ausência desse tipo de incentivo.

Os resultados de nosso artigo levam à conclusão de que o TC6 pode ser uma alternativa, e não um substituto, ao TCP e que se mostra seguro e eficaz na quantificação da reserva funcional do sistema cardiovascular de pacientes com IC. Finalmente, devemos mencionar que, apesar das evidências favoráveis ao uso do TC6 publicadas por nós, elas são preliminares e que estudos com maior número de pacientes são necessários para comprovar definitivamente a efetividade do TC6 na prescrição do treinamento físico em pacientes com IC.

Atenciosamente,

Eduardo Elias Vieira de Carvalho

Marcus Vinícius Simões

Lourenço Gallo Junior

Referências

  • 1. Guimarães GV, Bellotti G, Bacal F, Mocelin A, Bocchi EA. Can the cardiopulmonary 6-minute walk test reproduce the usual activities of patients with heart failure? Arq Bras Cardiol. 2002;78(6):553-60.
  • 2. Guimarães GV, Carvalho VO, Bocchi EA. Reproducibility of the self-controlled six-minute walking test in heart failure patients. Clinics. 2008;63(2):201-6.
  • 3. Carvalho EEV, Costa DC, Crescêncio JC, De Santi GL, Papa V, Marques F, et al. Heart failure: comparison between six-minute Walk Test and Cardiopulmonary Test. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2011;97(1):59-64.
  • 4. Fletcher F, Balady GJ, Amsterdam EA, Chaitman B, Eckel R, Fleg J, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001;104(14):1694-740.
  • 1. ATS Statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7.
  • 2. Barthelemy JC, Geyssant A, Riffat J, Antoniadis A, Berruyer J, LaCour JR. Accuracy of pulse oximetry during moderate exercise: a comparative study. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1990;50(5):533-9.
  • 3. Delahaye N, Cohen-Solal A, Faraggi M, Czitrom C, Foult JM, Daou D, et al. Comparison of left ventricular responses to the six-minute walk test, stair climbing, and maximal upright bicycle exercise in patients with congestive heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80(1):65-70.
  • 4. Meyer K, Schwaibold M, Westbrook S, Beneke R, Hajric R, Lehmann M, et al. Effects of exercise training and activity restriction on 6-minute walking test performance in patients with chronic heart failure. Am Heart J. 1997;133(4):447-53.
  • 5. Guazzi M, Dickstein K, Vicenzi M, Arena R. Six-minute walk test and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with chronic heart failure: a comparative analysis on clinical and prognostic insights. Circ Heart Fail. 2009;2(6):549-55.
  • 6. ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167(2):211-77.
  • Mailing Address:

    Guilherme Veiga Guimarães
    Rua Dr. Baeta Neves, 98, Pinheiros
    05444050 - São Paulo, SP, Brazil
    E-mail:
  • Publication Dates

    • Publication in this collection
      20 Dec 2011
    • Date of issue
      Nov 2011
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