Cross-sectional |
183 men |
> 50 |
2.3 times higher |
AMI |
Kostner et al4545. Kostner GM, Avogaro P, Cazzolato G, Marth E, Bittolo-Bon G, Qunici
GB. Lipoprotein Lp(a) and the risk for myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis.
1981;38(1-2):51-61.
|
Cross-sectional |
426 Japanese: 268 men and 158 women |
> 17 |
Positive |
CAD and ICVA |
Murai et al4646. Murai A, Miyahara T, Fujimoto N, Matsuda M, Kameyama M. Lp(a)
lipoprotein as a risk factor for coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction.
Atherosclerosis. 1986;59(2):199-204.
|
Cross-sectional |
711 Japanese men in Hawaii |
> 30 |
2.5 times: < 60 years |
AMI |
Rhoads et al4747. Rhoads GG, Dahlen G, Berg K, Morton NE, Dannenberg AL. Lp(a)
lipoprotein as a risk factor for myocardial infarction. JAMA.
1986;256(18):2540-4.
|
1.6 time: 60-69 years |
1.2 time: > 70 years of age |
Cross-sectional |
162 Brazilians: 112 men and 50 women |
≥ 25 |
2.3 times higher |
CAD |
Maranhão et al4848. Maranhäo R, Arie S, Vinagre CG, Guimarães JB, Strunz C, Pileggi F.
Lipoprotein (a) plasma levels in normal subjects and patients with coronary disease
confirmed by coronary cineangiography. Arq Bras Cardiol.
1991;56(2):121-5.
|
Prospective (5 years) |
15,000 North-American men |
30 |
Negative |
AMI |
Stampfer et al4949. Stampfer MJ, Malinow MR, Willett WC, Newcomer LM, Upson B, Ullmann
D, et al. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of myocardial
infarction in US physicians. JAMA. 1992;268(7):877-81.
|
Prospective (5 years) |
2,000 Canadian men |
30 |
Negative |
CAD |
Cantin et al5050. Cantin B, Gagnon F, Moorjani S, Despres JP, Lamarche B, Lupien PJ,
et al. Is lipoprotein(a) an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease in
men?The Quebec Cardiovascular Study. J Am Coll Cardiol.
1998;31(3):519-25.
|
Meta-analysis (10 years) |
27 prospective studies, 5,500 individuals of both sexes |
20-100 |
Positive |
CAD |
Danesh et al5252. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Lipoprotein(a) and coronary heart
disease. Meta-analysis of prospective studies. Circulation.
2000;102(10):1082-5.
|
Retrospective (1997-1999) |
182 Brazilian postmenopausal women |
|
2 to 3 times higher |
Obstructive CAD |
Sposito et al6363. Sposito AC, Mansur AP, Maranhão RC, Martinez TR, Aldrighi JM,
Ramires JA. Triglyceride and lipoprotein (a) are markers of coronary artery disease
severity among postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2001;39(3):203-8.
|
Prospective |
346 men and 184 women of European descent |
|
2 times higher |
CAD Lp(a) 2 times higher in women |
Frohlich et al6060. Frohlich J, Dobiásová M, Adler L, Francis M. Gender differences in
plasma levels of lipoprotein(a) in patients with angiographically proven coronary
artery disease. Physiol Res. 2004;53(5):481-6.
|
Prospective (13.5 years) |
14,000 Caucasians and Afrodescendants of both sexes |
30 |
Positive |
ICVA, except for Caucasian men |
Ohira et al5454. Ohira T, Schreiner PJ, Morrisett JD, Chambless LE, Rosamond WD,
Folsom AR. Lipoprotein(a) and incident ischemic stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in
Communities (ARIC) study. Stroke. 2006;37(6):1407-12.
|
Meta-analysis (1966-2006) |
31 cross-sectional and prospective studies, 50,000 individuals of both
sexes |
≥ 30 |
Positive |
ICVA |
Smolders et al5555. Smolders B, Lemmens R, Thijs V. Lipoprotein (a) and stroke: a
meta-analysis of observational studies. Stroke. 2007;38(6):1959-66.
|
Meta-analysis (1966-2008) |
2,000 individuals of both sexes |
|
Positive |
Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
Takagi et al5757. Takagi H, Manabe H, Kawai N, Goto SN, Umemoto T. Circulating
lipoprotein(a) concentrations and abdominal aortic aneurysm presence. Interact
Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2009;9(3):467-70.
|
Cross-sectional |
205 young women (18 to 22 years of age) |
≥ 30 |
Positive |
Carotid intima-media thickness |
Knoflach et al6262. Knoflach M, Kiechl S, Penz D, Zangerie A, Schmidauer C, Rossmann A,
et al. Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in young women:
atherosclerosis risk factors in female youngsters (ARFY study). Stroke.
2009;40(4):1063-9.
|
Prospective |
730 Caucasian, black and Hispanic individuals of both sexes |
≥ 30 |
Positive |
ICVA Higher incidence in men and black individuals |
Boden-Albala et al5353. Boden-Albala B, Kargman DE, Lin IF, Paik MC, Sacco RL, Berglund L.
Increased stroke risk and lipoprotein(a) in a multiethnic community: the Northern
Manhattan Stroke Study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;30(3):237-43.
|
Meta-analysis |
58,000 individuals of both sexes |
smaller apo(a) isoforms |
2 times higher |
CAD and ICVA Individuals with smaller apo(a) isoforms had higher risk |
Erqou et al5959. Erqou S, Thompson A, Di Angelantonio E, Sallheen D, Kaptoge S,
Marcovina S, et al. Apolipoprotein(a) isoforms and the risk of vascular disease:
systematic review of 40 studies involving 58,000 participants. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2010;55(19):2160-7.
|
Prospective |
6,000 Koreans of both sexes |
≥ 20.1 |
1.8 time higher |
CAD Worse disease course |
Kwon et al5151. Kwon SW, Lee BK, Hong BK, Kim JY, Choi EY, Sung JM, et al.
Prognostic significance of elevated lipoprotein(a) in coronary artery
revascularization patients. Int J Cardiol. 2013;167(5):1990-4.
|
Prospective |
2,000 Europeans of the United Kingdom of both sexes |
≥ 25 |
Positive |
Future events of arterial diseases (coronary and peripheral), but not
ICVA |
Gurdasani et al5656. Gurdasani D, Sjouke B, Tsimikas S, Hovingh GK, Luben RN, Wainwright
NW, et al. Lipoprotein(a) and risk of coronary, cerebrovascular, and peripheral
artery disease: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol. 2012;32(12):3058-65.
|
Prospective (20 years) |
3,467 Afro-Americans and 9,851 Caucasians of both sexes |
≤ 10 and > 10 |
Positive |
Higher number of cardiovascular events in women, higher
incidence when comparing between the highest and lowest Lp(a)
concentrations |
Virani et al6161. Virani SS, Brautbar A, Davis BC, Nambi V, Hoogeveen RC, Sharrett AR,
et al. Associations between lipoprotein(a) levels and cardiovascular outcomes in
black and white subjects: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.
Circulation. 2012;125(2):241-9.
|
≤ 20 and > 20 |
≤ 30 and > 30 |
Prospective (10 years) |
9,000 Danish individuals of both sexes |
≥ 120 |
3-4 times higher |
CAD |
Kamstrup et al5858. Kamstrup PR, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Nordestgaard BG. Extreme
lipoprotein(a) levels and improved cardiovascular risk prediction. J Am Coll Cardiol.
2013;61(11):1146-56.
|