IS THERE A RELATION BETWEEN HELYBACTER PYLORI AND INTESTINAL METAPLASIA IN SHORT COLUMN EPITELIZATION UP TO 10 MM IN THE DISTAL ESOPHAGUS?

ABSTRAT

Background:  The presence of intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus (Barrett’s esophagus) is an important precursor of adenocarcinoma. Knowledge of the risk factors and the process by which the Barrett develops is very important and Helicobacter pylori (HP) can contribute to this development.

Aim:  To analyze the impact of HP in the gastric mucosa with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus in areas of columnar epithelialization smaller than 10 mm in length and epidemiological data on prevalence

Method:  A retrospective study in which were included 373 consecutive patients diagnosed with columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus was done. In all, HP was investigated by urease and histology, exclusion and inclusion factors were applied and patients were divided into two groups: the first grouping the ones without histological diagnosis of Barrett’s esophagus (235-63%) and the second with it (138-37%).

Results:  There was no significant difference between HP and non-HP patients in relation to the probability of having intestinal metaplasia (p=0.587). When related to the general group, there was an inverse association between the bacterium and the columnar epithelia in the distal esophagus. Age (p=0.031), gender (p=0.013) and HP (p=0.613) when related together to intestinal metaplasia showed no significant relation. In isolation, when related to age and gender, regardless of HP, results confirmed that patients in more advanced age and women present a higher incidence of intestinal metaplasia.

Conclusion:  There is an inverse relation between HP and the areas of columnar epithelization in the distal esophagus, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Age and gender, regardless of HP, showed higher prevalence in women and in older the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

HEADINGS: Barrett’s esophagus; Helicobacter pylori; Intestinal metaplasia

RESUMO

Racional:  A presença de metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal (esôfago de Barrett) é importante doença precursora do adenocarcinoma. O conhecimento sobre os fatores de risco e o processo pelo qual ela se desenvolve é importante e o Helicobacter pylori (HP) pode contribuir para esse desenvolvimento.

Objetivo:  Analisar o impacto do HP na mucosa gástrica sobre a metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal em áreas de epitelização colunar menores que 10 mm de extensão e dados epidemiológicos de prevalência.

Método:  Estudo retrospectivo com inclusão de 373 pacientes consecutivos, com diagnóstico de epitélio colunar no esôfago distal. Em todos foi pesquisado o HP pela urease e histologia, aplicados os fatores de exclusão e inclusão e divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro agregando os pacientes sem diagnóstico histológico de esôfago de Barrett (235-63%) e o segundo com ele (138-37%).

Resultados:  Não houve diferença significativa entre os portadores ou não do HP em relação à probabilidade de ter metaplasia intestinal (p=0,587). Quando relacionado ao grupo geral, houve associação inversa entre a bactéria e a epitelização colunar em esôfago distal. A idade (p=0,031), gênero (p=0,013) e HP (p=0,613) quando relacionados juntos à metaplasia intestinal não mostraram relação significativa. Isoladamente, quando relacionados idade e gênero, independente do HP, surgiram resultados confirmando que pacientes de idade mais avançada e mulheres apresentam maior incidência de metaplasia intestinal.

Conclusão:  Existe relação inversa entre HP e as áreas de epitelização colunar em esôfago distal, independente da presença ou não de metaplasia intestinal. Já em relação à idade e gênero, independente do HP, notou-se que em mulheres e com maior a idade há aumento no número de casos com metaplasia intestinal no esôfago distal.

DESCRITORES: Esôfago de Barrett; Helicobacter pylori; Metaplasia intestinal

INTRODUCTION

Strong evidence has indicated that Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection plays an important role in the pathogenesis of digestive tract diseases²⁶ and among them is esophageal adenocarcinoma^1,3,27. Its incidence has increased over three decades in developed countries, while the five-year survival rate remains low^10,36 There are precursor factors for its development^19,21, being Barrett’s esophagus (EB) the principle, whose incidence is relatively high compared to other precursors of malignancy in western populations.

In the American school, EB is considered when there is gastric mucosa in the esophagus (proximal displacement of the squamocolumnar junction in relation to the esophagogastric junction), whose biopsies make the diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia, i.e., the presence of goblet cells in the anatomopathological study³⁵

The British and Japanese societies of gastroenterology define it by the presence of columnar epithelium in areas of esophageal mucosa, without the need for goblet cells for its diagnosis. They state that EB without intestinal metaplasia is “biologically intestinalized” and has molecular changes similar to those of EB with goblet cells¹⁵ screening and diagnosis, surveillance, pathological grading for dysplasia, management of dysplasia, and early cancer including training requirements. The rigour and quality of the studies was evaluated using the SIGN checklist system. Recommendations on each topic were scored by each author using a five-tier system (A+, strong agreement, to D+, strongly disagree.

According to the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SOBED), the diagnosis of EB is made through endoscopy with biopsy of the area appearing to be gastric epithelium in the distal esophagus (columnar epithelialization). For its confirmation, the presence of intestinal metaplasia in the esophageal biopsy is required. It should not be done in the presence of active esophagitis (erosions), as it can hide EB under erosions or inflammation by mimicking dysplasia and altering the pathological diagnosis.

The relationship between HP and diseases related to esophageal acid reflux is uncertain^2,23. It is currently advocated that the presence of this bacterium in the gastric mucosa may trigger a protective effect for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), both for esophagitis and for the development of EB and esophageal adenocarcinoma. This happens because HP gastric colonization decreases stomach acid secretion, leading to decreased gastroesophageal acid reflux aggression^18,20 906 city residents during a health-screening programme between 1974 and 1992. Forty-four cases of oesophageal cancer and 149 matched controls were selected. The mean interval between screening and cancer diagnosis was 11.9 years. H. pylori seropositivity was determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay measuring IgG. Occupation was included in the statistical analysis as an indicator of socio-economic status.\\n\\nRESULTS: Helicobacter pylori seropositivity was present in 10 of the cases (22.7%

The objective of this study was to correlate intestinal metaplasia to HP infection in areas of distal esophageal columnar epithelialization less than 10 mm in length, and it´s connection to age and gender.

METHOD

The research project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mackenzie Evangelical College of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil and registered with Plataforma Brasil. It was performed at the Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Service of Hospital Nove de Julho, São Paulo, SP, Brazil with consecutive patients who underwent upper digestive endoscopy.

The initial sample consisted of 14,894 patients who underwent upper digestive endoscopy. Of this total, 373 were selected and divided into two groups. The first included those with endoscopic diagnosis of columnar epithelialization without intestinal metaplasia (n=235), and the second with epithelialization (n=138). All were stratified by gender and age.

In both groups gastric biopsies were performed to search for PH using two methods: histopathological and urease. For histopathological study they were collected at the sites recommended by the Houston Consensus: two fragments of the antrum close to the pylorus, one in incisura angularis and two in gastric body (small and large gastric curvature)⁹. For urease, Uretest (Renylab®, MG) and biopsies were performed with at least two antrum fragments, one from incisura angularis and two from the body⁵. Tweezers used for material collection were disposable (Boston®) with a 6 mm opening.

The patients underwent videoendoscopy with high-definition devices (Pentax i scan) using up to 2x optical zoom, digital chromoscopy and acetic acid to better identify areas of columnar epithelium and direct biopsies (Figure 1). The images obtained were recorded and saved in a database (Perseus and Endox® system, SP). At least 10 images were obtained per patient in all cases.

FIGURE 1
Areas of distal esophageal columnar epithelialization delimited with acetic acid and digital chromoscopy: A) magnified with acetic acid; B) magnified with digital chromoscopy; C) with acetic acid; D, E and F) with different digital chromoscopies; G and H) with acetic acid.

All enrolled patients underwent endoscopy for the first time. The only inclusion criterion was the diagnosis of columnar epithelium in the distal esophagus less than 10 mm in length. Exclusion criteria were grade B, C and D esophagitis in the Los Angeles (1994) classification, inadequate biopsies, insufficient sedation during the examination, previous treatment for PH, and patients for whom biopsy was not recommended (Figure 2).

FIGURE 2
Targeted biopsies with acetic acid and digital chromoscopy in areas of columnar epithelium smaller than 10 mm: A) areas less than 10 mm to be biopsied (acetic acid and digital chromoscopy); B, C, D and F) boundaries of areas to be biopsied with digital chromoscopy.

Statistical analysis

The variables HP, gender and intestinal metaplasia were presented in frequencies and percentages. In comparing the groups defined by the presence or absence of metaplasia in relation to age, Student’s t test for independent samples was used. To evaluate the association between gender and presence of PH with metaplasia, Fisher’s exact test was used. Age results were described by means, medians, minimum values, maximum values and standard deviations. For multivariate analysis of factors associated with metaplasia, the logistic regression model was adjusted followed by the Wald test. Values of p<0.05 were statistically significant. Data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics v.20 program.

RESULTS

Of the 373 cases, 138 (37%, 95% CI: 32.1% to 41.9%) were diagnosed with intestinal metaplasia and 235 (63%) without. The HP was negative in 337 cases (90.3%) and positive in 36 (9.7%, 95% CI: 6.7% to 12.6%).

Evaluation of the association between PH and columnar esophagus

The test result indicates the rejection of the null hypothesis (p<0.001) in this comparison. The percentage of negative cases was significantly higher than 50% (95% CI: 87.4% to 93.3%). There was an inverse relationship between PH and columnar esophagus.

Relationship between PH and intestinal metaplasia

The results indicated no significant difference between patients with and without HP regarding the probability of having intestinal metaplasia. Among patients with HP+ this percentage was 41.67%. This difference is not statistically significant (Table 1).

TABLE 1
Data relating HP to intestinal metaplasia

Intestinal metaplasia	H.pylori
	Negative	Positive
Positive (EB)	123	15
	36.50%*	41.67%*
Negative	214	21
	63.50%	58.33%
Total	337	36

• *=p 0.587

Age and gender assessment and diagnosis of intestinal metaplasia

Regarding the mean age, the results indicated a significant difference between patients with and without metaplasia. Those with on average were three to four years older than those without this diagnosis (Table 2, Figure 3).

TABLE 2
Age related data

Metaplasia	Age						p*
	n	Average	Median	Minimun	Máximun	Standart Derivation
No	235	50.3	52.0	16.0	89.0	14.4
Yes	138	53.7	56.0	16.0	88.0	13.6	0.025

• *=Student’s t-test for independent samples, p<0.05

FIGURE 3
Age vs. intestinal metaplasia

Regarding gender, the results indicated a significant difference in the probability of diagnosing intestinal metaplasia. Women were more likely to be diagnosed than men: men n=44 (29.14%) and women 42.53% (Table 3).

TABLE 3
Gender-related data

Intestinal metaplasia	Gender
	Male	Female
Positive	44	94
	29.14%*	42.53%*
Negative	107	127
	70.86%	57.47%
Total	151	221

• *p=0,009

Multivariate analysis

To assess the effect of the presence of HP on the likelihood of having metaplasia in gender and age, a logistic regression model was adjusted. The results indicated that, adjusting for these variables, no significant associations were found (Table 4).

TABLE 4
Statistical data between associations of risk factors for intestinal metaplasia

Variable	p	OR (IC95%)
Age	0.031	1.017 (1.001 a 1.033)
Gender	0.013	1.76 (1.13 - 2.76)
H. pylori	0.613	1.20 (0.59 - 2.46)

Regarding age, regardless of gender and the presence or absence of HP, a significant association was found with intestinal metaplasia. It is estimated that each year over age there is an increase of 1.7% in OR onset. For gender, regardless of age and the presence or absence of HP, a significant association with intestinal metaplasia was found. The OR for intestinal metaplasia in women was 20% higher than in men.

DISCUSSION

The correlation between HP and Barrett’s esophagus is debatable in the literature. There are aspects regarding the effect of gastric colonization by it on gastroesophageal reflux disease, Barrett’s esophageal development and its correlation with esophageal adenocarcinoma. To this end, there are studies that report HP as a risk factor for Barrett’s esophagus, while others propose the unrelation between them^29,32 and also those that infer its protective effect^6,11.

In this study, when HP was related to columnar epithelializations in the distal esophagus, a significant inverse relationship was obtained. At the same time, when HP is related to the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia in these areas, there was no significance. Studies showing an inverse relationship between HP and EB necessarily do so with the areas of distal esophageal columnar epithelialization, developed from gastroesophageal reflux, on which biopsies are performed for the diagnosis of EB. Thus, in this series, it can be stated that there is a significant inverse relationship between HP and diseases related to gastric acid reflux, i.e., columnar epithelializations in the distal esophagus.

Thus, another important point to be considered is that if we think about the definitions of EB by the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy and the American school, we would have a mismatch between the relationship between HP and EB. However, according to the Japanese and British school, who consider Barrett’s epithelium without intestinal metaplasia to be “biologically intestinalized,” there is an inverse or “protective” relationship between HP and EB.

In accordance with this hypothesis of protection of HP from GERD and columnar epithelializations in the distal esophagus, Xue et al.³⁹ they were divided into H. pylori positive and negative groups. H. pylori positive patients were randomly given H. pylori eradication treatment for 10 days, then esomeprazole 20 mg bid for 46 days. The other patients received esomeprazole 20 mg bid therapy for 8 weeks. After treatment, three patient groups were obtained: H. pylori positive eradicated, H. pylori positive uneradicated, and H. pylori negative. Before and after therapy, reflux symptoms were scored and compared. Healing rates were compared among groups. The χ² test and t-test were used, respectively, for enumeration and measurement data.\\n\\nRESULTS: There were 176 H. pylori positive (with 92 eradication cases studied 846 patients with reflux esophagitis who underwent treatment with pantoprazole (40 mg). After four weeks of treatment the reflux esophagitis healing rate was 86.6% in patients with HP positive. In patients with HP negative, healing was 76.1%. After eight weeks the healing rates in the positive and negative groups were 96.4% and 91.8% respectively. Thus, healing in the HP positive group was higher when compared to the HP negative group, suggesting that, based on the same treatment, better results were obtained in patients diagnosed with HP.

According to numerous publications, it is clinically relevant that in patients with GERD and its complications, the prevalence of HP is lower. As an example, in a systematic review, the average prevalence of infection in patients with GERD was 38.2%, compared to 49.5% of patients with GERD without HP³⁰. Others show a protective effect exerted by HP on GERD, triggering less severe forms of the disease in infected patients^16,37.

In accordance with this protective theory of HP against esophageal diseases, Rubenstein et al.³³ demonstrated that the higher the level or severity of esophagitis - according to pre-established endoscopic grade I, II and III grading - the prevalence of HP is lower (51.72%, 28.57%, 20.68% respectively), regardless of the presence or absence of EB.

In an attempt to justify or not the relationship between HP and esophageal diseases, several meta-analyses were performed. However, in all, there are conclusive reports about the difficulties of their accomplishments in face of regional adversities, heterogeneities of existing studies and information bias in data collection.

Thus, in Wang et al.³⁸ meta-analysis for example, there was significant heterogeneity, which was explained by the type of control group selected in some studies and studies conducted in Asia, where the incidence HP is superior to Western countries, concluding that further study is needed.

In another meta-analysis, Fischback et al.¹⁹ in 49 studies suggest that the presence of HP in the gastric mucosa is associated with reduced risk of EB. However, despite the difficulties already reported for performing meta-analyses on this subject, four of these 49 studies, with no bias, showed a reduced risk of EB in HP infected patients, including Corley et al.⁷ in California and Fischback et al.¹⁴ in Ireland. These same authors after two years, in a case-control study associating HP and EB, concluded that the presence of the bacteria was inversely associated with the presence of EB. The chance of HP infection in the gastric mucosa in EB patients has been found to be 50% lower when compared to patients without EB¹².

Following the same principle, Rokkas et al.³¹ in meta-analysis showed as statistically significant the inverse association between HP and esophageal adenocarcinoma, developed on EB. In contrast, in patients with squamous cell carcinoma there was no significant relationship with the prevalence of HP.

Rubenstein et al.³⁴ concluded that in patients with erosive esophagitis and EB the prevalence of HP is lower. In the same study, there was no relevance among symptomatic patients for GERD and HP, contributing to the hypothesis that their infection does not protect against EB itself, but decreases GERD.

Contrary to this hypothesis, Yaghoobi et al.⁴⁰ English, multiple-source literature search was performed from 1983 to February 2007. Only randomized controlled trial (RCT in meta-analysis revealed that erradication of HP usually does not promote GERD. Based on this assumption, Hackelsberger et al.¹⁷whether in the cardia or the distal oesophagus, has been uniformly defined as specialised columnar epithelium, suggesting a relation with Barrett’s oesophagus. It is, however, not clear whether the risk factors associated with intestinal metaplasia are identical at both sites.\\n\\nAIMS: To investigate biopsy specimens obtained below the squamocolumnar junction (SCJ contradicted the protective hypothesis of HP to EB, when they reported that the pathogenesis of esophageal intestinal metaplasia is not uniform and may be related to several other factors.

Therefore, there are other possibilities of relating HP and EB. As an example, a direct systemic effect would be the action of a specific type of HP DNA causing decreased regulation of Interferon type 1 and Interleukin 12 responses to inflammatory stimuli, facilitating the development of esophagitis and its complications. Another possibility of improvement of esophageal diseases in which HP could act indirectly may be related to the effect mediated by the ghrelin peptide. When there is a basal decrease in secretion, there is a concomitant decrease in gastric secretion and, consequently, lower esophageal acid reflux. This allows the improvement of both GERD-related symptoms and esophageal diseases. One more point to be considered is that may or may not be related to HP are the factors that trigger the predisposition to EB. Among them, the genetic profile (for example IL-12p70) predisposing intense proinflammatory response, stimuli to bile salt reflux and risk factors (for example hiatal hernia), would be the driving force in the development of EB. Not least are the factors that can trigger HP infection, i.e., changes in gastric microbiota related to previous antibiotic use, diet and/or hygiene^8,24,25,28food intake, and acid production, thereby decreasing weight and gastroesophageal reflux., METHODS: We evaluated the association of ghrelin with esophageal adenocarcinoma using a population from a previous nested case-control study. Among 128,992 enrolled in a multiphasic health checkup (MHC. Given many theories, hypotheses and possibilities, it is possible to agree with Malfertheiner et al.²² in part intriguing, and has become a matter of debate because of conflicting results. The cardia is an area where both H pylori and abnormal GERD exert their damaging potential, inducing inflammation and its consequences, such as intestinal metaplasia. While the role of intestinal metaplasia within columnar lined epithelium (Barrett’s oesophagus who have shown the need for further studies to prove the existence of any relationship between HP and GERD related esophageal diseases.

CONCLUSION

There is an inverse relationship between HP and areas of distal esophageal columnar epithelialization, regardless of the presence or absence of intestinal metaplasia. Regarding age and gender, regardless of HP, it was noted that in women and older there is an increase in the number of cases with intestinal metaplasia in the distal esophagus.

REFERENCES

• ¹ Andreollo NA, Beraldo GC, Alves IPF, Tercioti-Junior V, Ferrer JAP, Coelho-Neto JS, Lopes LR. Pathologic complete response (ypt0 ypn0) after chemotherapy and radiotherapy neoadjuvant followed by esophagectomy in the squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2018 Dec 6;31(4):e1405. doi: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1405.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020180001e1405
• ² Braghetto I, Csendes A. Failure after fundoplication: re-fundoplication? Is there a room for gastrectomy? In which clinical scenaries? Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2019 Aug 26;32(2):e1440. doi: 10.1590/0102-672020190001e1440.B
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020190001e1440.B
• ³ Braghetto I, Figueroa M, Sanhueza B, Lanzarini E, Sepulveda S, Erazo C. Pharyngo-ileo-colo-anastomosis with micro-vascular blood supply augmentation for esophago-gastric replacement due to esophago-gastric necrosis after caustic ingestion. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2018;31(2):e1381. doi: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1381.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020180001e1381
• ⁴ Braghetto I, Figueroa M, Sanhueza B, Lanzarini E, Sepulveda S, Erazo C. Pharyngo-ileo-colo-anastomosis with micro-vascular blood supply augmentation for esophago-gastric replacement due to esophago-gastric necrosis after caustic ingestion. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2018;31(2):e1381. doi: 10.1590/0102-672020180001e1381.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-672020180001e1381
• ⁵ Coelho LGV, Zaterka S. II Consenso Brasileiro sobre Helicobacter pylori. In: Arquivos de Gastroenterologia. 2005. p. 128-32.
• ⁶ Corley D a, Kubo a, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Zhao W, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus: a community-based study. Gut [Internet]. 2008;57(6):727-33. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2670583&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2670583&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ⁷ Corley DA, Kubo A, Levin TR, Block G, Habel L, Zhao W, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of Barrett's oesophagus: a community-based study. Gut [Internet]. 2008;57(6):727-33. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med5&NEWS=N&AN=17895354
  » http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med5&NEWS=N&AN=17895354
• ⁸ de Martel C, Haggerty TD, Corley DA, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N, Parsonnet J. Serum ghrelin levels and risk of subsequent adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2007;102(6):1166-72. Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med5&NEWS=N&AN=17378911
  » http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med5&NEWS=N&AN=17378911
• ⁹ Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg Pathol [Internet]. 1996;20(10):1161-81. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8827022
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8827022
• ¹⁰ El-Serag HB, Mason AC, Petersen N, Key CR. Epidemiological differences between adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia in the USA. Gut [Internet]. 2002;50(3):368-72. Available from: http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/gut.50.3.368%5Cnhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1773122&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://gut.bmj.com/cgi/doi/10.1136/gut.50.3.368%5Cnhttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1773122&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ¹¹ El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A, Jamal MM, Inadomi JM, Crooks LA, Feddersen RM. Corpus gastritis is protective against reflux oesophagitis. Gut [Internet]. 1999;45(2):181-5. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1727606&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1727606&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ¹² Fischbach LA, Graham DY, Kramer JR, Rugge M, Verstovsek G, Parente P, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus: a case-control study. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2014;109(3):357-68. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC4046944/?report=abstract
• ¹³ Fischbach LA, Nordenstedt H, Kramer JR, Gandhi S, Dick-Onuoha S, Lewis A, et al. The association between Barrett's esophagus and Helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2012;17(3):163-75.
• ¹⁴ Fischbach LA, Nordenstedt H, Kramer JR, Gandhi S, Dick-Onuoha S, Lewis A, et al. The association between Barrett's esophagus and Helicobacter pylori infection: A meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2012;17(3):163-75.
• ¹⁵ Fitzgerald RC, Pietro M, Ragunath K, Ang Y, Kang J, Watson P, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Management of Barrett ' s Oesophagus. Gut. 2014;63(1):7-42.
• ¹⁶ Graham DY, Yamaoka Y. H. pylori and cagA: Relationships with Gastric Cancer, Duodenal Ulcer, and Reflux Esophagitis and Its Complications. Helicobacter. 1998;3(3):145-51.
• ¹⁷ Hackelsberger a, Günther T, Schultze V, Manes G, Dominguez-Muñoz JE, Roessner a, et al. Intestinal metaplasia at the gastro-oesophageal junction: Helicobacter pylori gastritis or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease? Gut [Internet]. 1998;43(1):17-21. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1727162&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1727162&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ¹⁸ Henrik Simán J, Forsgren a, Berglund G, Florén CH. Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with a decreased risk of developing oesophageal neoplasms. Helicobacter [Internet]. 2001;6(4):310-6. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843963
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11843963
• ¹⁹ Ivano FH, Mesquita LP, Simamura CM, Kuwaki GM, Colman JT, Campos GM. Pre and postoperative ph monitoring and weight loss analysis in patients undergoing gastric plication in association with fundoplication. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017 Oct-Dec;30(4):244-247. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201700040004.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201700040004.
• ²⁰ Kusters JG, Kusters JG, van Vliet AHM, van Vliet AHM, Kuipers EJ, Kuipers EJ. Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Microbiol Rev [Internet]. 2006;19(3):449-90. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847081
  » http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16847081
• ²¹ Lafraia FM, Herbella FAM, Kalluf JR, Patti MG. A pictorial presentation of esophageal high resolution manometry current parameters. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017 Jan-Mar;30(1):69-71. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201700010019.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201700010019.
• ²² Malfertheiner P, Peitz U. The interplay between Helicobacter pylori, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and intestinal metaplasia. Gut [Internet]. 2005;54 Suppl 1:i13-20. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1867793&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1867793&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ²³ Mendes-Filho AM, Godoy ESN, Alhinho HCAW, Galvão-Neto MDP, Ramos AC, Ferraz ÁAB, Campos JM. Fundoplication conversion in roux-en-y gastric bypass for control of obesity and gastroesophageal reflux: systematic review. Arq Bras Cir Dig. 2017 Oct-Dec;30(4):279-282. doi: 10.1590/0102-6720201700040012.
  » https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-6720201700040012.
• ²⁴ Moons LMG, Kusters JG, Van delft JHM, Kuipers EJ, Gottschalk R, Geldof H, et al. A pro-inflammatory genotype predisposes to Barrett's esophagus. Carcinogenesis. 2008;29(5):926-31.
• ²⁵ Nwokolo CU, Freshwater DA, O'Hare P, Randeva HS. Plasma ghrelin following cure of Helicobacter pylori. Gut [Internet]. 2003;52(5):637-40. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1773634&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1773634&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ²⁶ Oliveira, Levindo Alves de et al. The canonical wnt pathway in gastric carcinoma. ABCD, arq. bras. cir. dig., 2019, vol.32, no.1. ISSN 0102-6720
• ²⁷ PEDUK, Sevki et al. The role of serum ck-18, mmp-9 and tipm-1 levels in predicting r0 resection in patients with gastric cancer. ABCD, arq. bras. cir. dig., 2018, vol.31, no.4. ISSN 0102-6720
• ²⁸ Pei ZH, Yang L, Peek RM, Levine SM, Pride DT, Blaser MJ. Bacterial biota in reflux esophagitis and Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11(46):7277-83.
• ²⁹ Peng S, Cui Y, Xiao YL, Xiong LS, Hu PJ, Li CJ, et al. Prevalence of erosive esophagitis and Barretts esophagus in the adult Chinese population. Endoscopy. 2009;41(12):1011-7.
• ³⁰ Raghunath A, Hungin APS, Wooff D, Childs S. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: systematic review. BMJ [Internet]. 2003;326(7392):737. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=152634&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=152634&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ³¹ Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, Robotis I, Margantinis G. Relationship Between Helicobacter pylori Infection and Esophageal Neoplasia: A Meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(12).
• ³² Rubenstein JH, Inadomi JM, Scheiman J, Schoenfeld P, Appelman H, Zhang M, et al. Association between Helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol [Internet]. 2014;12(2):239-45. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3947027&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3947027&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ³³ Rubenstein JH, Inadomi JM, Scheiman J, Schoenfeld P, Appelman H, Zhang M, et al. Association between helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(2):239-45.
• ³⁴ Rubenstein JH, Inadomi JM, Scheiman J, Schoenfeld P, Appelman H, Zhang M, et al. Association between helicobacter pylori and Barrett's esophagus, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(2):239-45.
• ³⁵ Splittgerber M, Velanovich V. Barrett Esophagus. Surg Clin North Am [Internet]. 2015;95(3):593-604. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039610915000122
  » http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039610915000122
• ³⁶ Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-tieulent J, Jemal A. Global Cancer Statistics, 2012. CA a cancer J Clin [Internet]. 2015;65(2):87-108. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21262/abstract
  » http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21262/abstract
• ³⁷ Vaezi MF, Falk GW, Peek RM, Vicari JJ, Goldblum JR, Perez-Perez GI, et al. CagA-positive strains of Helicobacter pylori may protect against Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(9):2206-11.
• ³⁸ Wang C, Yuan Y, Hunt RH. Helicobacter pylori infection and Barrett's esophagus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2009;104(2):492-500. Available from: http://www.embase.com/search/results?subaction=viewrecord&from=export&id=L50405500%5Cnhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.37%5Cnhttp://sfx.library.uu.nl/utrecht?sid=EMBASE&issn=00029270&id=doi:10.1038/ajg.2008.37&atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+infection+and+Barret
  » https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2008.37&atitle=Helicobacter+pylori+infection+and+Barret
• ³⁹ Xue Y, Zhou L-Y, Lin S-R, Hou X-H, Li Z-S, Chen M-H, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on reflux esophagitis therapy: a multi-center randomized control study. Chin Med J (Engl) [Internet]. 2015;128(8):995-9. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4832960&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
  » http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=4832960&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract
• ⁴⁰ Yaghoobi M, Farrokhyar F, Yuan Y, Hunt RH. Is there an increased risk of GERD after Helicobacter pylori eradication?: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2010;105(5):1007-13; quiz 1006, 1014. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.734
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.734

• Financial source:
  This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  20 Dec 2019
• Date of issue
  2019

History

• Received
  17 Jan 2019
• Accepted
  08 May 2019