High-resolution ultrasound with Doppler as a confirmatory diagnostic method in retronychia

Dear Editor,

We present the case of a 45-year-old female patient who was referred to the dermatologist with erythema, pain, and discharge in the left hallux. This condition had been present for four months and was resistant to topical and oral antibiotics. She had active secretion and complete loss of the union of the proximal fold in the affected nail, henceforth chronic paronychia was the original diagnosis (Fig. 1). A high-resolution ultrasound with Doppler analysis of the nail apparatus was requested. The findings established the diagnosis of rethonychia (Figs. 2-4). Then we decided to perform a surgical intervention.

Figure 1
There is absence of plate growth due to complete loss of the union of the proximal fold.

Figure 2
Sonoanatomy of the nail apparatus in retronychia: nail plate (white), nail bed (green), nail matrix (orange), inflammatory halo (purple), extensor tendon (red), subcutaneous tissue (yellow), dermis (pink), epidermis (orange) and phalanx (gray).

Figure 3
(a) High-resolution skin ultrasound with Doppler analysis performed with a 22 Mhz translator showed thickening of the nail bed with hypoechoic appearance. It measured 4.4 mm and did not show any signs of hypervascularization on the Doppler exam. However, it did show a reduction in the space between the origin of the nail plate and the base of the distal phalanx: its measure was approximately 3.5 mm and presented a hypoechoic inflammatory halo. (b) Normal anatomy of the nail.

Figure 4
(a) Power Doppler around the nail plate. (b) Visualization of thickening of the nail fold (dermis and hypodermis) of 5 mm.

Retronychia is a disorder of the nail apparatus in which there is an abnormal growth of the nail plate within the proximal fold, leading to the formation of several generations of misaligned nail plates under the fold.¹,²

Retronychia affects middle-aged adults, mostly females.³ It is characterized by unilateral involvement and affects almost exclusively the hallux.⁴ Repeated trauma, pregnancy, puerperium, use of tight footwear, and anatomical alterations such as fingers in claws or curved nails have been described as associated factors.⁴

After persistent minor traumas, the process begins with an interruption of the growth of the nail plate that leads to its misalignment and incomplete separation from the matrix, where the nail plate loses its fixation in the proximal part of the bed but remains attached to the matrix in the lateral aspects.⁵ The nail plate moves in a retrograde direction and becomes embedded in the proximal nail fold, leading to inflammation and large tissue formation.¹ The new nail plate will push the old one upwards, leading to abnormal growth and inflammation, thus becoming a vicious cycle, where up to four generations of nail plates can be superimposed under the proximal nail fold. Retronychia often manifests as a chronic paronychia that is resistant to antimicrobial therapy.⁶

The diagnosis of retronychia is based primarily on clinical aspects and is confirmed by imaging methods. There are different imaging modalities to study the ungular apparatus, including simple radiography, ultrasound, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).⁷ Ultrasound has proven to be useful; it has the advantage that it is a non-invasive method, it is accessible and helps in surgical planning.⁸ The type of ultrasound used for the diagnosis in the case presented is a high-resolution method with Doppler analysis, which is different from classical ultrasound. It uses transducers with higher frequencies, up to 22 MHz, that provide a complete and real-time view of the ungular apparatus. It differs by the addition of Doppler analysis and requires a trained person. In the literature, there is evidence of the use of this type of ultrasound to evaluate nail diseases. High-resolution ultrasound proves to be a precise and complete tool where various characteristics of the ungual apparatus can be evaluated that leads to a high histological correlation of different nail conditions.⁹

MRI is also another option. It is excellent for the evaluation of tumors, especially vascular tumors. However, it is highly costly, and it also requires complete immobility of the affected limb, making it difficult to use in the pediatric population.⁷

Ultrasound criteria for rethonychia have been described:⁵

1. 1. Presence of a hypoechoic halo surrounding the origin of the nail plate.

2. 2. Distance (≤ v5.1 mm) between the origin of the nail plate and the base of the distal phalanx (thumbs and first toes) or a difference in this distance ≥ 0.5 mm compared to the contralateral healthy finger.

3. 3. Proximal nail fold thickness ≥ 2.2 mm in men or ≥ 1.9 mm in women and/or a thickness ≥ 0.3 mm compared to the contralateral healthy finger.

If it is unilateral, it must meet these three criteria; if it is bilateral, it can meet any of the three criteria.

Other findings on ultrasound in retronychia are:¹

• • Two or more overlapping nail plates.

• • Increased blood flow in the dermis of the proximal fold and the nail bed.

Possible causes of chronic paronychia such as infections, neoplasms, systemic diseases, and medications should be ruled out.¹

The mainstay of treatment is based on surgical avulsion, performing a proximal approach to the old nail plate and the possible underlying ingrown plates.¹ High-potency topical steroids could be used in conjunction with a bandage to fix the nail to the bed.³

To prevent retronychia it is important to recommend patients to wear comfortable shoes, avoid repetitive trauma, and in case of foot deformities these should be corrected.²

• Financial support
  None declared.

• ⋆
  Study conducted at the Sonoderma Institution, Medellín, Colombia.

References

• ¹
  Alonso-Pacheco ML, de Miguel-Mendieta E, Maseda-Pedrero R, Mayor-Arenal M. Retronychia: a case report including ultrasound imaging and surgical treatment. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016;107:e33-7.
• ²
  Ventura F, Correia O, Duarte AF, Barros AM, Haneke E. “Retronychia - clinical and pathophysiological aspects”. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2016;30:16-9.
• ³
  Mello CDBF de, Souza MDRE, Noriega LF, Chiacchio ND. Retronychia. An Bras Dermatol. 2018;93:707-11.
• ⁴
  Gerard E, Prevezas C, Doutre M-S, Beylot-Barry M, Cogrel O. Risk factors, clinical variants and therapeutic outcome of retronychia: a retrospective study of 18 patients. European Journal of Dermatology. julio de 2016;26:377-81.
• ⁵
  Fernández J, Reyes-Baraona F, Wortsman X. Ultrasonographic Criteria for Diagnosing Unilateral and Bilateral Retronychia: Ultrasonography of Retronychia. J Ultrasound Med. mayo de 2018;37:1201-9.
• ⁶
  Nakouri I, Litaiem N, Jones M, Zeglaoui F. Clinical Features and Surgical Treatment. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2018;108:3.
• ⁷
  La Uña: De lo Superficial a lo Profundo.
• ⁸
  Wortsman X, Wortsman J, Guerrero R, Soto R, Baran R. Anatomical Changes in Retronychia and Onychomadesis Detected Using Ultrasound: Dermatologic Surgery. octubre de 2010;36:1615-20.
• ⁹
  Singh R, Bryson D, Singh HP, Jeyapalan K, Dias JJ. High-resolution ultrasonography in assessment of nail-related disorders. Skeletal Radiol. octubre de 2012;41:1251-61.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 May 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  19 May 2021
• Accepted
  20 July 2021
• Published
  29 Jan 2024