Goon et al.1111 Goon AT, Goh CL. Patch testing of Singapore children and adolescents: our experience over 18 years. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006;23:117-20.
|
1986-2003 |
2340 |
< 20 years |
45.4 |
Calculated per substance |
Nickel 40.0% |
Singapore |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 15.0% |
Manzini et al.1212 Manzini BM, Ferdani G, Simonetti V, Donini M, Seidenari S. Contact sensitization in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1998;15:12-7.
|
1988-1994 |
670 |
6 months-12 years |
42.0 |
not reported |
Thimerosal 12.2% |
Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
Nickel 7.7% |
Brash et al.1313 Brasch J, Geier J. Patch test results in schoolchildren. Results from the information Network of Departments of Dermatology (iVDK) and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group (DKG). Contact Dermatitis. 1997;37:286-93.
|
1990-1995 |
416 |
6-15 years |
40.9 |
not reported |
Nickel 15.9% |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 11.3% |
Fernandez et al.1414 Fernández Vozmediano JM, Armario Hita JC. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2005;19:42-6.
|
1990-2000 |
96 |
< 15 years |
54.2 |
57.7 |
Thimerosal 21.0% |
Spain |
|
|
|
|
|
Mercury 19.0% |
Shah et al.1515 Shah M, Lewis FM, Gawkrodger DJ. Ratch testing in children and adolescents: five years' experience and follow-up. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37:964-8.
|
1991-1995 |
83 |
6-16 years |
49.0 |
100.0 |
Nickel 14.0% |
UK |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 7.2% |
Romaguera et al.1616 Romaguera C, Vilaplana J. Contact dermatitis in children: 6 years' experience (1992-1997). Contact Dermatitis. 1998;39:277-80.
|
1992-1997 |
141 |
< 14 years |
50.0 |
calculated per substance |
Nickel 19.1% |
Spain |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 11.3% |
Lewis et al.1717 Lewis VJ, Statham BN, Chowdhury MM. Allergic contact dermatitis in 191 consecutively patch tested children. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;51:155-6.
|
1993-2003 |
191 |
< 16 years |
41.0 |
51.7 |
Nickel 13.0% |
UK |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 9.0% |
Onder et al.1818 Onder M, Adisen E. Patch test results in a Turkish paediatric population. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;58:63-5.
|
1993-2005 |
360 |
2-16 years |
32.0 |
30.5% |
Nickel 46.0% |
Turkey |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 9.5% |
Milingou et al.1919 Milingou M, Tagka A, Armenaka M, Kimpouri K, Kouimintzis D, Katsarou A. Patch tests in children: a review of 13 years of experience in comparison with previous data. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010;27:255-9.
|
1994-2007 |
255 |
<16 years |
60.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 21.6% |
Greece |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 18.3% |
Kuljanac et al.2020 Kuljanac I, Knežević E, Cvitanovic H. Epicutaneous patch test results in children and adults with allergic contact dermatitis in Karlovac county: a retrospective survey. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2011;19:91-7.
|
1994-2009 |
412 |
4-18 years |
26.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 25.4% |
Croatia |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 17.8% |
Roul et al.2121 Roul S, Ducombs G, Taieb A. Usefulness of the European standard series for patch testing in children. A 3-year single-centre study of 337 patients. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;40:232-5.
|
1995-1997 |
337 |
1-15 years |
67.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 23.7% |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 9.5% |
Seidenari et al.2222 Seidenari S, Giusti F, Pepe P, Mantovani L. Contact sensitization in 1094 children undergoing patch testing over a 7-year period. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005;22:1-5.
|
1995-2001 |
1094 |
7 months-12 years |
52.1 |
70.0 |
Neomycin 13.2% |
Italy |
|
|
|
|
|
Nickel 10.9% |
Heine et al.2323 Heine G, Schnuch A, Uter W, Worm M. Frequency of contact allergy in German children and adolescents patch tested between 1995 and 2002: results from the information Network of Departments of Dermatology and the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group. Contact Dermatitis . 2004;51:111-7.
|
1995-2002 |
2460 |
6-12 years |
52.6 |
not reported |
Thimerosal 18.2% |
Germany |
|
|
13-18 years |
49.7 |
not reported |
Nickel 16.7% |
Clayton et al.2424 Clayton TH, Wilkinson SM, Rawcliffe C, Pollock B, Clark SM. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: should pattern of dermatitis determine referral? A retrospective study of 500 children tested between 1995 and 2004 in one U.K. centre. Br J Dermatol. 2006;154:114-7.
|
1995-2004 |
500 |
< 16 years |
27.0 |
61.0 |
Nickel 33.0% |
UK |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 18.0% |
Duarte et al.2525 Duarte I, Lazzarini R, Kobata CM. Contact Dermatitis in Adolescents. Am J Contact Dermat. 2003;14:200-2.
|
1996-2001 |
102 |
10-19 years |
56.0 |
100.0 |
Nickel 31.0% |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
Tosylamide 12.0%
|
Hogeling et al.2626 Hogeling M, Pratt M. Allergic contact dermatitis in children: the Ottawa Hospital patch-testing clinic experience, 1996 to 2006. Dermatitis. 2008;19:86-9.
|
1996-2006 |
100 |
4-18 years |
70.0 |
55.8 |
Nickel 26.0% |
Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 14.0% |
Wohrl et al.2727 Wöhrl S, Hemmer W, Focke M, Götz M, Jarisch R. Patch testing in children, adults, and the elderly: influence of age and sex on sensitization patterns. Pediatr Dermatol. 2003;20:119-23.
|
1997-2000 |
79 |
1-10 years |
62.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 34.2% |
Austria |
|
|
|
|
|
Ethylmercury 25.3%
|
Giordano et al.2828 Giordano-Labadie F, Rancé F, Pellegrin F, Bazex J, Dutau G, Schwarze HP. Frequency of contact allergy in children with atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 137 cases. Contact Dermatitis . 1999;40:192-5.
|
not reported |
137 |
4 months-16 years |
43.0 |
100.0 |
Nickel 14.9% |
France |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 4.4% |
Beattie et al.2929 Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:6-11.
|
1999-2002 |
114 |
3-15 years |
54.0 |
54.0 |
Nickel 20.0% |
UK |
|
|
|
|
|
Fragrance mix I 7.2% |
Hammonds et al.3030 Hammonds LM, Hall VC, Yiannias JA. Allergic contact dermatitis in 136 children patch tested between 2000 and 2006. Int J Dermatol. 2009 ;48:271-4.
|
2000-2006 |
136 |
3-18 years |
61.0 |
53.0 |
Nickel 22.0% |
USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 17.0% |
Zug et al.3131 Zug KA, McGinley-Smith D, Warshaw EM, Taylor JS, Rietschel RL, Maibach HI, et al. Contact allergy in children referred for patch testing: North American Contact Dermatitis Group data, 2001-2004. Arch Dermatol. 2008;144:1329-36.
|
2001-2004 |
391 |
0-18 years |
65.7 |
51.2
|
Nickel 28.3% |
USA, Canada |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 17.8% |
Jacob et al.3232 Jacob SE, Brod B, Crawford GH. Clinically relevant patch test reactions in children-a United States based study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008;25:520-7.
|
2001-2006 |
65 |
1-18 years |
83.0 |
77.0 |
Nickel 17.5% |
USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 12.5% |
Fortina et al.3333 Belloni Fortina A, Romano I, Peserico A, Eichenfield LF. Contact sensitization in very young children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65:772-9.
|
2002-2008 |
321 |
3-36 months |
62.3 |
calculated per substance |
Nickel 26.8% |
Italy |
|
|
|
|
substance |
Potassium dich.9.0%
|
Moustafa et al.3434 Moustafa M, Holden CR, Athavale P, Cork MJ, Messenger AG, Gawkrodger DJ. Patch testing is a useful investigation in children with eczema. Contact Dermatitis . 2011;65:208-12.
|
2002-2008 |
110 |
2-18 years |
44.0 |
44.0 |
Drugs 15.4% |
UK |
|
|
|
|
|
Nickel 10.0% |
de Waard-van der Spek et al.3535 de Waard-van der Spek FB, Oranje AP. Patch tests in children with suspected allergic contact dermatitis: a prospective study and review of the literature. Dermatology. 2009;218:119-25.
|
2003-2008 |
79 |
1-18 years |
51.0 |
calculated per substance |
Nickel 21.5% |
Netherlands |
|
|
|
|
|
Potassium dich. 6.0%
|
Jacob et al.3636 Jacob SE, Yang A, Herro E, Zhang C. Contact allergens in a pediatric population: association with atopic dermatitis and comparison with other north american referral centers. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2010;3:29-35.
|
2004-2006 |
69 |
6 months-18 years |
95.6 |
76.7 |
Nickel 23.3% |
USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Cocamido 23.3%
|
Stoskute et al.3737 Stoskute L, Dubakiene R, Tamosiunas V. Allergic contact dermatitis and patch testing in children. Acta Medica Lituanica. 2005;12:71-4.
|
not reported
|
194 |
3-17 years |
55.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 18.0% |
Lithuania |
|
|
|
|
|
Cobalt 13.8% |
Belhadjalli et al.3838 Belhadjali H, Mohamed M, Youssef M, Mandhouj S, Chakroun M, Zili J. Contact sensitization in atopic dermatitis: results of a prospective study of 89 cases in Tunisia. Contact Dermatitis. 2008;58:188-9.
|
2005-2006 |
63 |
mean: 69 months |
39.7 |
38.2
|
Nickel 24.7% |
Tunisia |
|
|
|
|
|
Potassium dich. 7.9%
|
Sarma et al.3939 Sarma N, Ghosh S. Clinico-allergological pattern of allergic contact dermatitis among 70 Indian children. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76:38-44.
|
2005-2008 |
70 |
1-15 years |
80.0 |
60.7 |
Paraben 43.0% |
India |
|
|
|
|
|
Potassium dich. 27.0%
|
Czarnobilska et al.4040 Czarnobilska E, Obtulowicz K, Dyga W, Wsolek-Wnek K, Spiewak R. Contact hypersensitivity and allergic contact dermatitis among school children and teenagers with eczema. Contact Dermatitis. 2009;60:264-9
|
2007 |
229 |
7 years |
43.8 |
not reported |
Nickel 30.2% |
Poland |
|
|
16 years |
52.6 |
not reported |
Thimerosal 27.8% |
Kobata4141 Kobata CM. Testes de contato em crianças com eczema [dissertação]. São Paulo (SP): Universidade de São Paulo; 2010.79p
|
2007-2009 |
62 |
2-12 years |
61.0 |
70.0 |
Nickel 27.4% |
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
Thimerosal 17.7% |
Czarnobilska et al.4242 Czarnobilska E, Obtulowicz K, Dyga W, Spiewak R. The most important contact sensitizers in Polish children and adolescents with atopy and chronic recurrent eczema as detected with the extended European Baseline Series. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22:252-6.
|
2008-2009 |
196 |
7-8 years |
67.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 35.9% |
Poland |
|
|
16-17 years |
58.1 |
not reported |
Thimerosal 37.6% |
Jacob et al.4343 Jacob SE, Herro EM, Sullivan K, Matiz C, Eichenfield L, Hamann C. Safety and efficacy evaluation of TRUE TEST panels 1.1, 2.1, and 3.1 in children and adolescents. Dermatitis. 2011;22:204-10.
|
2008-2009 |
102 |
6-18 years |
76.2 |
not reported |
Nickel 29.7% |
USA |
|
|
|
|
|
p-tert-Butylphenol 16.8%
|
Herro et al.4444 Herro EM, Matiz C, Sullivan K, Hamann C, Jacob SE. Frequency of contact allergens in pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2011;4:39-41.
|
not reported
|
101 |
6-18 years |
78.0 |
not reported |
Nickel 31.0% |
USA |
|
|
|
|
|
Lanolin 18.0% |