Obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis treated at a dermatologic clinic in Manaus^*

Obesidade e dislipidemia em pacientes com psoríase atendidos num ambulatório de dermatologia de Manaus

Abstracts

BACKGROUND:

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease of multifactorial etiology, with participation of genetic, autoimmune and environmental factors. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which is now defined as a systemic and autoimmune inflammatory disease that may be associated with other diseases of inflammatory nature.

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the occurrence of obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis treated at a dermatology clinic in Manaus.

METHODS:

We performed a prospective descriptive study to assess the prevalence of obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis. Besides the recommended dermatological care, a physical examination was performed to measure weight, height and waist circumference.

RESULTS:

We included 72 patients, 44 (61.1%) female and 28 (38.9%) male, with a mean age of 51.0 years ± 15.9 years. As for body mass index (BMI), 16 (22.2%) were overweight and 20 (27.8%) were obese. In the analysis of waist circumference in relation to gender, we found that 79.5% of women surveyed had central obesity, a percentage statistically higher than that observed among men (42.9%) at the 5% level of significance (p = 0.001). Regarding the diagnosis of dyslipidemia, 29 (65.9%) females and 22 (78.6%) males showed alterations in lipid profile.

CONCLUSIONS:

The occurrence of dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with psoriasis can affect life quality and expectancy, increasing the risk of systemic and metabolic diseases, which makes periodic investigation of these comorbidities in patients with psoriasis mandatory.

Dyslipidemias; Obesity; Psoriasis

FUNDAMENTOS:

A psoríase é uma doença inflamatória crônica, com etiologia multifatorial, com participação de fatores genéticos, auto-imunes e ambientais. Estudos recentes demonstram o papel de células e mediadores inflamatórios na patogênese da psoríase, que passou a ser definida como uma afecção inflamatória sistêmica e auto-imune, podendo associarse a outras doenças de natureza inflamatória.

OBJETIVOS:

Avaliar a ocorrência de obesidade e dislipidemia em pacientes com psoríase atendidos num ambulatório de dermatologia de Manaus.

MÉTODOS:

Foi realizado estudo descritivo e prospectivo para avaliar a ocorrência de obesidade e dislipidemia em pacientes com psoríase. Além do atendimento dermatológico preconizado, foi realizado exame físico com medida de peso, altura e circunferência abdominal.

RESULTADOS:

Foram incluídos 72 pacientes, sendo 44 (61,1%) do sexo feminino e 28 (38,9%) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 51,0 anos ± 15,9 anos. Quanto ao índice de massa corporal, 16 (22,2%) apresentavam sobrepeso e 20 (27,8%), obesidade. Na análise da circunferência abdominal em relação ao gênero, observou-se que 79,5% das mulheres examinadas apresentavam obesidade central, percentual estatisticamente maior que o observado entre os homens (42,9%), ao nível de 5% de significância (p= 0,001). Em relação ao diagnóstico de dislipidemia, 29 (65,9%) do sexo feminino e 22 (78,6%) do masculino apresentaram alteração no lipidograma.

CONCLUSÕES:

A ocorrência de dislipidemia e obesidade nos pacientes com psoríase pode alterar a qualidade e expectativa de vida, aumentando o risco de doenças sistêmicas e metabólicas, o que torna obrigatória a investigação periódica dessas comorbidades nos portadores de psoríase.

Dislipidemias; Obesidade; Psoríase

INTRODUCTION

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may affect the skin, joints, nails and scalp.¹ It has a multifactorial etiology, with participation of genetic, autoimmune and environmental factors.^2,3,4 Recent studies have demonstrated the role of inflammatory cells and mediators in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, which is now defined as a systemic and autoimmune inflammatory disease that may be associated with other inflammatory diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and dyslipidemias.^5,6 As of the eighties, epidemiological studies began to show the association between psoriasis and obesity.^7,8 More recently, studies have demonstrated that in obesity there is a mild inflammatory status, with increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6, which might trigger or exacerbate psoriatic lesions.⁹ On the other hand, studies reveal that patients with psoriasis have a greater chance of developing obesity due to metabolic unbalance derived from the chronic proinflammatory status.^10,11 Other works suggest the association between psoriasis and abnormalities in serum lipid concentrations.^12,13 Psoriasis patients usually have a proatherogenic profile, with hypertriglyceridemia, elevation of LDL and VLDL concentrations and decrease of serum HDL levels. All of these factors justify routine investigation and early treatment of these comorbidities, to offer psoriasis patients an enhanced quality of life.

Objectives

Assess the occurrence of dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with psoriasis treated at an outpatient dermatology clinic in a reference hospital of Manaus.

METHODS

A descriptive and prospective study was conducted to assess the occurrence of dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with psoriasis treated at a reference outpatient dermatology clinic, during the period between September 2011 and June 2012. The inclusion of patients and sample size were established through spontaneous demand. All patients included underwent a physical examination and weight, height and abdominal circumference were measured. The abdominal circumference measure was taken at half the distance between the iliac crest and the lower costal margin. Weight and height measures were used for calculation of the body mass index by means of the formula BMI = Weight/Height² . WHO criteria for obesity definition were used (Overweight: BMI between 25 and 29.99; Obese Class I: BMI between 30 and 34.9; Obese Class II: 35 to 39.9; Obese Class III: BMI ≥ 40). Abdominal circumference measure over 88cm in women and 102cm in men was defined as central obesity. Dyslipidemia was defined as Total serum cholesterol > 240mg/dL; HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL in men and < 50mg/dL in women; triglycerides > 150 mg/dL; LDL > 160mg/dL. Patients answered a questionnaire about the clinical picture of the disease, prior pathology history and lifestyle habits, such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and regular practice of physical exercise. A complete lipid profile was also requested and patients were oriented to have the sample collected after a 12 hour- fast. Those with dyslipidemia or obesity diagnosis were referred for joint follow-up with an endocrinologist.

Statistical Analysis

The statistical analysis was done by calculating absolute and relative frequencies. For the central tendency measures, the mean, median and standard deviation (SD) were calculated. In the analysis of categorical variables the Chi Square test of Pearson was used; in cases where this was not feasible, Fisher exact test was applied. The comparison of means was done by applying the Student's t test when data presented normal distribution and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney test, when the normality assumption was not guaranteed. The software used for analysis was Epi-Info version 3.5.3 for Windows and the test significance level was established as 5%.

Ethical Aspects

This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Tropical Medicine Foundation Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, under number CAE 0035.0.114.000-11.

RESULTS

Seventy-two patients were included, 44 (61.1%) female and 28 (38.9%) male, with a mean age of 51.0 years ± 15.9 years. The median time for psoriasis diagnosis was 5.0 years, varying from 1 month to 20 years (Table 1). The most frequently found clinical form of the disease was psoriasis vulgaris, with small and large plaques. Of the 72 patients, 21 had concomitant joint involvement and four had nail involvement exclusively. As regards the treatments employed, 14 patients used only topical medications and 58 systemic therapy (32 used methrotrexate, 18 acitretin, two cyclosporine and six immunobiologics). In relation to prior pathology history, 25 (34.7%) had hypertension and 14 (19.4%) were being treated for diabetes. In the comparison of median time since diagnosis regarding prior diagnosis of diabetes, a statistically significant difference was found in comparison with patients that did not present this comorbidity (Table 2). As for the body mass index (BMI), 16 (22.2%) presented overweight and 20 (27.8%) were obese. The abdominal circumference measure analysis related to gender revealed that 79.5% of the women examined presented central obesity, a percentage statistically higher than that found among men (42.9%), at the 5% significance level (p= 0.001). Regarding the dyslipidemia diagnosis, 29 (65.9%) of the females and 22 (78.6%) of the males presented lipid profile alterations (Table 3). Of the patients with dyslipidemia, eight had high total cholesterol, 35 high triglycerides and six, high LDL. As for HDL cholesterol, 28 female and 16 male patients presented HDL lower than 50 mg/dL and 40mg/dL, respectively (Table 4). Of the 51 patients with dyslipidemia, eight (15.7%) were cigarette smokers, twelve (23.5%) were alcohol consumers and only eight (15.7%) practiced regular physical exercise. Of the 20 patients with obesity according to the BMI, only two (10.0%) practiced physical exercises regularly, six (30.0%) were alcohol consumers and nine (45.0%) were smokers. Of the 72 patients, six (8.3%) had HIV/AIDS and two of them had been using antiretroviral therapy for more than two years. Only one of them presented dyslipidemia.

TABLE 1
Distribution according to frequency of sociodemographic data and time since diagnosis of the disease in patients with psoriasis included in the study

Variable n=72	f1	%
Gender
Female	44	61.1
Male	28	38.9
Age (years)
< 25	3	4.2
25 |--- 35	8	11.1
35 |--- 45	15	20.8
45 |--- 55	13	18.1
55 |--- 65	19	26.4
≥ 65	14	19.4
Mean ±SD	51.0 ± 15.9
Time since diagnosis (years)
< 01	13
01 |--- 05	19
05 |--- 10	15
10 |--- 20	17
≥ 20	8
Median	5.0
Q1-Q3	01-10

TABLE 2
Distribution according to median time since diagnosis regarding hypertension and diabetes mellitus in patients with psoriasis included in the study

Variables (n=72)	n	Median	Q1 - Q3	p*
Hypertensive				0.099
Yes	25	8.0	1-12
No	47	3.0	1-10
Diabetes				0.041
Yes	14	8.5	6-11
No	58	3.0	1-10

• ¹ = simple absolute frequency.
• ^*
  Chi Square Test of Pearson. Value of p in bold indicates statistical association at the 5% significance level

TABLE 3
Distribution according to gender frequency in relation to results of BMI, Abdominal Circumference and Dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis included in the study

	Gender
Physical	Female	Male
Examination	(n = 44)	(n = 28)
	fl	%	fl	%	Total	p*
Obesity (IMC≥30)						0.904
Yes	12	16.7	8	11.1	20
Overweight (IMC 25 - 29.9)						0.803
Yes	10	13.8	6	8.3	16
Abdominal
Circumference						0.001
Obese	35	79.5	12	42.9	47
Normal	9	20.5	16	57.1	25
Dyslipidemia						0.249
Yes	29	65.9	22	78.6	51
No	15	34.1	6	21.4	21

• f₁ = simple absolute frequency.
• ^*
  Chi Square Test of Pearson. Value of p in bold indicates statistical association at the 5% significance level

TABLE 4
Distribution according to frequency of laboratory data in patients with psoriasis included in the study

Variables (n+72)	f1	%
Cholesterol >240
Yes	8	11.1
No	64	88.9
HDL <50 in Women (n+44)
Yes	28	63.6
No	16	36.4
HDL < 40 in Men (n=28)
Yes	16	57.1
No	12	42.9
Triglycerides>150
Yes	35	49.3
No	36	50.7
LDL>160
Yes	6	8.3
No	66	91.7

DISCUSSION

Psoriasis is currently defined as an inflammatory and autoimmune skin disease, that may progress with articular manifestations and systemic comorbidities.¹⁴ The cause for association between psoriasis and these comorbidities has still not been fully elucidated, but studies point to a chronic proinflammatory status. This proinflammatory status is mediated by T lymphocytes, especially T helper 1 (Th-1) lymphocyte, which produces inflammatory cytokines, as the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin 2 (IL2) and interferon ϒ (IFN-ϒ).¹⁵ Other studies show that these comorbidities occur more often in psoriatic patients who are in an older age group, with longer time of disease progression, as well as in moderate and severe forms of the disease.¹⁶ Of the 72 patients with psoriasis included in the study, 51 (70.8%) presented dyslipidemia, 20 obesity (27.8%) and 47 (65.2%) central obesity; these had a longer time of psoriasis progression than patients who did not have these comorbidities. The above data coincide with what was found in the literature, demonstrating that the time of psoriasis progression increases chances for development of metabolic alterations (Table 5). Other factors seem to play a relevant role in the onset of obesity and dyslipidemia in psoriasis patients, such as sedentary lifestyle, smoking habit and alcohol consumption. Of the 20 patients who were obese according to the BMI, only two (10.0%) practiced physical exercises regularly, six (30.0%) were alcohol consumers and nine (45.0%) were cigarette smokers, demonstrating that multiple factors may contribute to the onset of these comorbidities in patients with psoriasis.

TABLE 5
Distribution according to median of time since diagnosis regarding BMI, abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in patients with psoriasis included in the study

Variables (n=72)	n	Median	Q1 - Q3	P*
Obesity (BMI >30				0,714
Yes	20	5.0	1-11
No	52	5.0	1-10
Abdominal Obesity				0.022
Yes	47	7.0	1-10
No	25	1.0	0-10
Dyslipidemia				0.132
Yes	51	8.0	1-12
No	21	3.0	1-5

• f₁ = simple absolute frequency;
• ^*
  Nonparametric Mann-Whitney Test. Value of p in bold italic indicates statistical association at the 5% significance level

CONCLUSION

The occurrence of dyslipidemia and obesity in patients with psoriasis may alter the quality and expectancy of life of these patients, increasing the risk for cardiovascular diseases, making periodic investigation of these comorbidities mandatory, in addition to a multidisciplinary patient follow-up.

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• *
  Work carried out at the Dermatology Clinic of the Tropical Medicine Foundation (Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado - FMTAM) - Manaus (AM), Brazil.
• Financial support: This work received financial support from the Amazonas Research Foundation (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Amazonas - FAPEAM).

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2013

History

• Received
  27 Aug 2012
• Accepted
  23 Jan 2013