Bone density and bone turnover markers in patients with epilepsy on chronic antiepileptic drug therapy

Densidade óssea e marcadores de turnover ósseo em pacientes com epilepsia em tratamento crônico com drogas antiepilépticas

Abstracts

In this comparative, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 55 patients with epilepsy on chronic use of antiepileptic drugs (AED); [(38 females and 17 males, 35 ± 6 years (25 to 47)] and compared to 24 healthy subjects (17 females/7 males). Laboratorial evaluation of bone and mineral metabolism including measurements of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) were performed. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DXA. BALP and CTX-I levels did not differ significantly between the groups. CTX-I levels were significantly higher in patients who were exposed to phenobarbital (P< 0.01) than those who were not. Patients presented BMD of both sites significantly lower than the controls (0.975 ± 0.13 vs. 1.058 ± 0.1 g/cm²; p= 0.03; 0.930 ± 0.1 vs. 0.988 ± 0.12 g/cm²; p= 0.02, respectively). Total hip BMD (0.890 ± 0.10 vs. 0.970 ± 0.08 g/cm²; p< 0.003) and femoral neck (0.830 ± 0.09 vs. 0.890 ± 0.09 g/cm²; p< 0.03) were significantly lower in patients who had been exposed to phenobarbital, in comparison to the non-phenobarbital users. In conclusion, patients on AED demonstrate reduced BMD. Among the AED, phenobarbital seems to be the main mediator of low BMD and increases in CTX-I.

Antiepileptic drugs; Phenobarbital; Bone turnover markers

Neste estudo comparativo, transversal, 55 pacientes com epilepsia [38 mulheres e 17 homens; 35 ± 6 anos (25 a 47anos)] foram comparados com 24 indivíduos normais (17 mulheres / 7 homens). Foi realizada uma avaliação laboratorial do metabolismo ósseo e mineral incluindo a dosagem de fosfatase alcalina específica óssea (BALP) e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-I). Densidade mineral óssea (DMO) da coluna lombar e do fêmur foi medida por DXA. BALP e CTX-I não foram diferentes entre os grupos. CTX-I foi significativamente mais elevado nos pacientes expostos ao fenobarbital do que os que não usaram essa medicação (p< 0,01). DMO de ambos os sítios foi menor no grupo de pacientes (0,975 ± 0,13 vs. 1,058 ± 0,1 g/cm²; p= 0,03; 0,930 ± 0,1 vs. 0,988 ± 0,12 g/cm²; p= 0,02, respectivamente). DMO do fêmur total (0,890 ± 0,10 vs. 0,970 ± 0,08 g/cm²; p< 0,003) e colo do fêmur (0,830 ± 0,09 vs. 0,890 ± 0,09 g/cm²; p< 0,03) foi significativamente menor nos pacientes que usaram fenobarbital. Em conclusão, pacientes portadores de epilepsia em uso crônico de drogas antiepilépticas (DAE) demonstraram uma redução da DMO. Entre as DAE, o fenobarbital parece ser o principal mediador da diminuição da DMO e do aumento do CTX-I.

Drogas antiepilépticas; Fenobarbital; Marcadores de turnover ósseo

ARTIGO ORIGINAL

Bone density and bone turnover markers in patients with epilepsy on chronic antiepileptic drug therapy

Densidade óssea e marcadores de turnover ósseo em pacientes com epilepsia em tratamento crônico com drogas antiepilépticas

Carolina A.M. Kulak^I; Victória Z.C. Borba^I; Carlos Eduardo Silvado^II; Luciano de Paola^II; Markus J. Seibel^III; John P. Bilezikian^IV; César L. Boguszewski^I

^IServiço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR – SEMPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil

^IIServiço de Neurologia do Hospital de Clínicas da UFPR – SEMPR, Curitiba, PR, Brasil

^IIIBone Research Program, ANZAC Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia

^IVDepartments of Medicine and Pharmacology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

^{Endereço para correspondência}

ABSTRACT

In this comparative, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 55 patients with epilepsy on chronic use of antiepileptic drugs (AED); [(38 females and 17 males, 35 ± 6 years (25 to 47)] and compared to 24 healthy subjects (17 females/7 males). Laboratorial evaluation of bone and mineral metabolism including measurements of bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I) were performed. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by DXA. BALP and CTX-I levels did not differ significantly between the groups. CTX-I levels were significantly higher in patients who were exposed to phenobarbital (P< 0.01) than those who were not. Patients presented BMD of both sites significantly lower than the controls (0.975 ± 0.13 vs. 1.058 ± 0.1 g/cm²; p= 0.03; 0.930 ± 0.1 vs. 0.988 ± 0.12 g/cm²; p= 0.02, respectively). Total hip BMD (0.890 ± 0.10 vs. 0.970 ± 0.08 g/cm²; p< 0.003) and femoral neck (0.830 ± 0.09 vs. 0.890 ± 0.09 g/cm²; p< 0.03) were significantly lower in patients who had been exposed to phenobarbital, in comparison to the non-phenobarbital users. In conclusion, patients on AED demonstrate reduced BMD. Among the AED, phenobarbital seems to be the main mediator of low BMD and increases in CTX-I.

Keywords: Antiepileptic drugs; Phenobarbital; Bone turnover markers

RESUMO

Neste estudo comparativo, transversal, 55 pacientes com epilepsia [38 mulheres e 17 homens; 35 ± 6 anos (25 a 47anos)] foram comparados com 24 indivíduos normais (17 mulheres / 7 homens). Foi realizada uma avaliação laboratorial do metabolismo ósseo e mineral incluindo a dosagem de fosfatase alcalina específica óssea (BALP) e telopeptídeo carboxiterminal do colágeno tipo I (CTX-I). Densidade mineral óssea (DMO) da coluna lombar e do fêmur foi medida por DXA. BALP e CTX-I não foram diferentes entre os grupos. CTX-I foi significativamente mais elevado nos pacientes expostos ao fenobarbital do que os que não usaram essa medicação (p< 0,01). DMO de ambos os sítios foi menor no grupo de pacientes (0,975 ± 0,13 vs. 1,058 ± 0,1 g/cm²; p= 0,03; 0,930 ± 0,1 vs. 0,988 ± 0,12 g/cm²; p= 0,02, respectivamente). DMO do fêmur total (0,890 ± 0,10 vs. 0,970 ± 0,08 g/cm²; p< 0,003) e colo do fêmur (0,830 ± 0,09 vs. 0,890 ± 0,09 g/cm²; p< 0,03) foi significativamente menor nos pacientes que usaram fenobarbital. Em conclusão, pacientes portadores de epilepsia em uso crônico de drogas antiepilépticas (DAE) demonstraram uma redução da DMO. Entre as DAE, o fenobarbital parece ser o principal mediador da diminuição da DMO e do aumento do CTX-I.

Descritores: Drogas antiepilépticas; Fenobarbital; Marcadores de turnover ósseo

EPILEPSY IS A CHRONIC condition that requires lifelong treatment with antiepileptic drugs (AED) (1,2). Chronic use of AED is considered to be a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis (3). In fact, others and we have demonstrated that patients who receive AEDs have alterations in bone metabolism such as a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), as compared to healthy matched controls (4-8). Classical AEDs associated with abnormal bone and mineral metabolism are those that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as carbamazepine, phenytoin and phenobarbital (9,10). These drugs induce hepatic microsomal enzymes that increase catabolism of 25OHD (11). Other drugs that are not enzyme inducers, such as sodium valproate, may exert indirect effects on bone metabolism by altering renal function (12). In addition, it has been reported that AEDs lead to an increase in bone turnover, as demonstrated by elevated levels of bone turnover markers (13-16).

Bone turnover is a dynamic process essential to maintaining a healthy skeleton. In both men and postmenopausal women, elevated bone turnover markers have been linked to risk of fracture, independently of BMD (17).

In the present study, we evaluated serum levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), bone formation marker, and carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX-I), bone reabsorption marker as well as BMD in a group of patients with epilepsy being treated with AEDs. The results were compared to values in a healthy control group matched by age, gender and body mass index (BMI).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Study design

In this comparative, cross-sectional study, we evaluated 55 patients with epilepsy [38 females and 17 males, mean ± SD of 35 ± 6 yr (25 to 47 yr)], who were followed in the Outpatient Epilepsy Clinic of the Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, in Curitiba, between May 2001 and April 2003. The control group consisted of 24 healthy subjects (17 women and 7 men), matched by age, gender and BMI.

The protocol was approved by the local Institutional Ethics Committee. Subjects were included if they lived in Curitiba or its environs, were at least 25 years old, treated with AED for at least 1 year, and voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. Only women with a history of regular menses were included. Subjects with other diseases or medications known to cause or be associated with osteoporosis were excluded. All participants were evaluated at 2 time points. The initial evaluation consisted of a complete medical evaluation including a detailed chart review in order to define the specific type of AEDs, as well as their doses, during all patients follow-up. BMD and blood samples for total calcium, albumin, phosphorus, creatinine, total alkaline phosphatase (ALP), magnesium, and liver function parameters were performed. A second evaluation was performed between February and April 2003, when blood was collected for measurements of 25OHD, total testosterone (only in men), intact PTH and the bone turnover markers, BALP and CTX-I. Intact parathyroid hormone was measured in duplicate by immunochemiluminescent assay (DPC, Los Angeles, USA). The detection limit was 1 pg/ml. Intra-assay variability was less than 5.7% within the concentrations range of 72–66.2 pg/ml (normal range, 7–53 pg/ml). The 25OHD was measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay (RIA; DiaSorin, Minnesota, USA). The detection limit was 5 ng/ml. The intra-assay variability was less than 12.5% within the concentrations range of 8.6 to 49 ng/ml (normal range: 9 to 37 ng/ml). The total serum testosterone was measured in duplicate by eletroquimiluminescence assay (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). The detection limit was 0.02 ng/ml (0.069 nmol/l). The variability intra-assay is lower than 4.6% to the concentrations rate of 0.24–3.45 ng/ml. The normal range varies from 280–880 ng/dl. Serum BALP and CTX-I were measured at the Anzac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia. The bone formation marker, serum BALP, was measured using an enzyme immunoassay (METRA BAP, Quide Corp., San Diego, USA) (18). The intra-assay CV was 3.9–5.8% and the inter-assay CV was 5.2–7.6%. The normal reference range is 15.0 to 41.3 U/L for men, 11.6 to 29.6 U/L for premenopausal women and 14.2 to 42.7 U/L for postmenopausal women. The bone resorption marker, serum CTX-I, was determined using an automated immunoassay (Elecsys 170, Roche Diagnostics). Intra-assay CV was approximately 2.0%. The normal reference range was variable according to age and gender: men aged 30–50 yr: 0.300 ± 0.14 ng/ml (SD), 50–70 yr: 0.304 ± 0.20 ng/ml and > 70 yr is 0.394 ± 0.23 ng/ml; and for pre and post menopausal women 0.299 ± 0.14 ng/ml and 0.556 ± 0.23 ng/ml, respectively (19).

BMD at lumbar spine, total femur, and femoral neck was evaluated using a Hologic QDR – 1000 W (Hologic, Inc., Waltham, MA) dual energy X-ray absorptiometer and was expressed as g/cm² for patients and controls.

Statistical analysis

The continuous variables with symmetric distribution were analyzed by the parametric tests: Student’s t-test and ANOVA. For the variables that displayed asymmetric distribution, non-parametric tests were applied: Mann-Whitney and ANOVA of Kruskal-Wallis. Fisher test was used in the categorical variables. In the multiple variables analyses, models of logistic regression were used. Significance was set at p< 0.05.

RESULTS

Characteristics of the study population

Table 1 summarizes the main characteristics of the studied groups. The median duration of treatment with AEDs was 6 years and varied from 2 to 21 years. At the time of the study, 17 patients (31%) were receiving single antiseizure agents, while 38 (69%) were receiving multiple antiseizure agents. The most common AED used was carbamazepine (400–1500 mg/dl), taken by 44 patients, median duration time of use was 6 years (1-17). The second most common AED was phenobarbital (50–150 mg/day) used by 28 patients for 5 years (1 to 12). Phenytoin (100–400 mg/day) was taken by 23 patients for 2 years (1 to 14) and sodium valproate (500–2250 mg/day) was used by 20 patients during 3.5 years (1 to 10).

Biochemical indices of bone metabolism

Mean results of routine biochemical testing total calcium, albumin, phosphorus, magnesium, creatinine, ALP, liver function tests were normal with no statistic difference between patients and controls. At the male group, no statistic difference of serum levels of testosterone was found (4). Levels of serum 25OHD were lower in patients than controls (27.1 ± 10.3 ng/ml vs. 34.4 ± 12.8 ng/ml; p< 0.02). Serum PTH concentrations were similar between study patients and controls, although there was a trend towards higher levels in those taking AEDs (40.09 ± 12.6 pg/ml vs. 32.54 ± 11.9 pg/ml; p= 0.062). No specific AED was associated with a higher level of serum PTH than any other AED.

Serum BALP and CTX-I levels did not differ significantly between the groups (table 1). The mean level of BALP was 16.58 ± 5.74 U/L in the group of patients and 14.96 ± 4.35 U/L in the control group (p= 0.22). The median serum CTX-I value was 0.13 ng/ml (0.01–1.32) in the study group and 0.15 ng/ml (0.04–0.31) in the control group (p= 0.28). By multiple regression analyses, the variability of serum CTX-I was positively related to levels of serum ALP (p< 0.01), phosphorus (p< 0.001), and PTH (p< 0.01) (R= 0.66). Serum BALP was positively related to total ALP (p< 0.0001) (R= 0.62) but not to any other parameters.

Serum CTX-I levels were significantly higher in the 28 patients who were exposed to phenobarbital (P< 0.01) than the 27 who had not been exposed to this drug. No other biochemical abnormality was found in subjects who had been exposed to phenobarbital in comparison to those who had not (table 2). Serum BALP was not significantly different among the AED groups, although there was a tendency to higher values in patients exposed to phenobarbital versus those never exposed (p= 0.06).

Bone mineral density

Lumbar spine BMD in AED users was significantly lower than the control group (0.975 ± 0.13 g/cm² vs. 1.058 ± 0.1 g/cm²; p< 0.03). Similarly, total hip BMD (0.930 ± 0.1 g/cm² vs. 0.988 ± 0.12 g/cm²; p< 0.02) (table 1). No densitometric differences were found between studied subjects and controls at the femoral neck. With regard to exposure to specific AEDs, BMD of the total hip (0.890 ± 0.10 g/cm² vs. 0.970 ± 0.08 g/cm²; p< 0.003) and femoral neck (0.830 ± 0.09 g/cm² vs. 0.890 ± 0.09 g/cm²; p< 0.03) were significantly lower in patients who had been exposed to phenobarbital, in comparison to those who had not been exposed (figure 1). No other significant difference was found at any BMD site when other AEDs were analyzed separately. In addition, when combinations of AEDs were evaluated, only therapeutic regimens that included phenobarbital showed a significant decrease in BMD.

By multiple regression analyses, exposure to phenobarbital accounted for variability both at the femoral neck (b= 0.27, R= 0.37, p< 0.001) and at the total hip BMD (b= 0.37, R= 0.50, p< 0.001). The relationship between phenobarbital use and BMD was also a function of time on drug (b= -0.32) and the association with other AED, such as carbamazepine (b= -0.25) and phenytoin (b= -0.21), which could explain 43% of BMD variability (R= 0.43; p< 0.001). Regarding the time on drug, greater period of exposition on phenobarbital was related to lower BMD.

DISCUSSION

This study defines further abnormalities in mineral metabolism among subjects treated with AEDs. Among users of AEDs, BMD was lower at the lumbar spine and total hip. Although there were no differences in bone turnover markers between a control group and AED users, further insight was gained when those taking phenobarbital were specifically analyzed. In subjects taking phenobarbital, serum CTX-I levels were higher along with a trend towards higher levels of serum BALP. In addition, exposure to phenobarbital was specifically associated with lower BMD at the hip. In contrast, exposure to phenytoin, carbamazepine or valproate, as mono- or polytherapy without phenobarbital, was not associated with abnormalities in bone turnover markers or BMD.

Phenobarbital is the most-widely used AED in the developing world, and because of its lower price, remains a popular choice in many industrialized countries (20). This drug is known to impair bone metabolism through several mechanisms. First, it stimulates hepatic mixed function oxidase activity, accelerating the breakdown of vitamin D metabolites (11). In addition, both phenobarbital and phenytoin interfere with active transport of calcium in the small intestine (21). These two agents have also been shown to interfere with PTH-mediated bone resorption. Both the accelerated metabolism of vitamin D and interference with PTH action could lead to an increase in circulating PTH levels (22,23). Although the PTH levels were not significantly different between the group exposed to phenobarbital and those patients not exposed, there was a trend for PTH levels to be higher in the phenobarbital users.

Although others and we have demonstrated a decrease in 25OHD levels among chronic users of AEDs (4-6), the histomorphometric studies have established antiepileptic bone disease as a disorder of high bone turnover, more than a mineralization defect (24,25). However, there is no agreement in the literature regarding the type of the drug, as well as dose and time of exposure that might influence bone remodeling. Verrotti et al. (16) have evaluated markers of bone turnover in 60 epileptic patients in 3 different stages of pubertal growth before and after monotherapy with carbamazepine. In their study, an increase in markers of bone turnover was seen after 2 years, but vitamin D metabolism was normal in all pubertal stage groups. In contrast, 2 other studies have failed to find an association between carbamazepine and altered bone turnover (15,26). Pack et al. (15) evaluated 93 premenopausal epileptic women receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, lamotrigine or valproate as monotherapy. Only in women treated with phenytoin were there significant elevations in serum BALP.

One of the limitations of the present study is the cross-sectional nature, where BMD was measure only once, turning it difficult to know if the low bone density observed in the patients group is specifically related to AEDs use. However, by the fact that other secondary causes were excluded and the patients presented lower BMD than the control matched group, we do believe that the use of AEDs may play a role on this issue.

Our results call attention to reduced bone mineral density among chronic users of AEDs, with a potential for major complications, such as fractures. It seems reasonable, therefore, to consider a preventative approach to maintaining skeletal health when AED therapy is initiated, especially in children and teenagers, in whom adequate calcium and vitamin D are fundamental to the establishment of bone peak mass. In addition, further studies are needed to determine appropriate therapeutic protocols for patients who present initially with low bone mass and low levels of vitamin D.

In conclusion, we have shown that patients with epilepsy on long-term AEDs demonstrate reduced BMD and lower serum levels of 25OHD. When individual effects of drugs were considered separately, phenobarbital seems to become the main mediator of low bone density and increases in serum CTX-I. Further and prospective studies with larger number of patients are needed to elucidate the influence of AED on BMD and on bone turnover.

Recebido em 22/12/05

Revisado em 08/08/06 e 17/11/06

Aceito em 27/11/06

References

• 1. Engel JJ. Epileptic syndromes. In: Seizures and Epilepsy Philadelphia: Davis Company, 1989 pp. 195-201.
• 2. Guerreiro CAM, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I. Considerações gerais. In: Guerreiro CAM, Guerreiro MM, Cendes F, Lopes-Cendes I (eds). Epilepsia 3Ş ed. São Paulo: Lemos, 2000 pp. 1-10.
• 3. Mulder JE, Kulak CAM, Shane E. Secondary osteoporosis. In: Seibel MJ, Robins SP, Bilezikian JP (eds). Dynamics of Bone and Cartilage Metabolism San Diego: Academic Press, 1999 pp. 527-45.
• 4. Kulak CAM, Borba VZC, Bilezikian JP, Silvado CE, Paola L, Boguszewski CL. Bone mineral density and serum levels of 25OHvitamin D in chronic users of antiepileptic drugs. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2004;62(4)940-8.
• 5. Baer TM, Kozlowski BW, Blyler EM, Trahms CM, Taylor ML, Hogan MP. Vitamin D, calcium and bone status in children with developmental delay in relation to anticonvulsant use and ambulatory satus. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1042-51.
• 6. Hahn TJ, Hendin BA, Scharp CB, Boisseai VC, Haddad JG. Serum 25-hydroxycalciferol levels and bone mass in children on chronic anticonvulsivant therapy. N Engl J Med 1975;292:550-4.
• 7. Andress DL, Ozuna J, Tirschwell D, Grande L, Meshell J, Jacobson AF, et al. Antiepileptic drug-induced bone loss in young male patients who have seizures. Arch Neurol 2002;59(5):781-6.
• 8. Farhat G, Yamout B, Mikati MA, Demirjian S, Sawaya R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone density in ambulatory patients. Neurology 2002;58:1348-53.
• 9. Pack AM, Olarte LS, Morrel MM, Flasher E, Stanley RR, Shane E. Bone mineral density in an outpatient population receiving enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy Behav 2003;4:169-74.
• 10. Pack AM. The association between antiepileptic drugs and bone disease. Epilepsy Curr 2003;3(3):91-5.
• 11. Hahn TJ, Bridge SJ, Scarp CR, Avioli LV. Phenobarbital-induced alterations in vitamin D metabolism. J Clin Invest 1972;51:741-8.
• 12. Sheth RD, Wesolowski CA, Jacob JC. Effects of carbamazepine and valproate on bone mineral density. J Pediatr 1995;127:256-62.
• 13. Sarto Y, Kondo I, Ishida S, Motooka H, Takayama K, Tomita Y, et al. Decreased bone mass and increased bone turnover with valproate therapy in adults with epilepsy. Neurology 2001;57:445-9.
• 14. Valimaki MJ, Tikhonen M, Laitinen K. Bone mineral density measured by dual-energy absorptiometry and novel markers of bone formation and resorption in patients on antiepileptic drugs. J Bone Min Res 1994;9:631-7.
• 15. Pack AM, Morrell MJ, Marcus R, Holloway L, Flaster E, Done S, et al. Bone mass and turnover in women with epilepsy on antiepileptic drug monotherapy. Ann Neurol 2005;57:252-7.
• 16. Verrotti A, Greco R, Latini G, Morgese G, Chiarelli F. Increased bone turnover in prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal patients receiving carbamazepine. Epilepsia 2002;43(12):1488-92.
• 17. Van Daele PL, Seibel MJ, Burger H, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, van Leeuwen JP, et al. Case control analysis of bone resorption markers, disability and hip fracture risk: the Rotterdam study. Br Med J 1996;312:482-3.
• 18. Gomez B, Jr, Ardakani S, Ju J, Jenkins D, Cerelli MJ, Daniloff GY, et al. Monoclonal antibody assay for measuring bone-specific alkaline phosphatase activity in serum. Clin Chem 1995;41(11):1560-6.
• 19. Bonde M, Garnero P, Fledelius C, Qvist P, Delmas PD, Christiansen C. Measurement of bone degradation products in serum using antibodies reactive with an isomerized form of an 8 amino acid sequence of the C-telopeptide type I collagen. J Bone Miner Res 1997;12(7):1028-34.
• 20. Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critic review. Epilepsy 2004;45(9):1141-9.
• 21. Foss MC, Meneghelli UG, Tabosa Verissimo JM. The effect of the anticonvulsants phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin on intestinal absorption of calcium. Acta Physiol Lat Am 1979;29(4-5):223-8.
• 22. Jekins MV, Harris M, Willis MR. The effect of phenytoin on parathyroid extract and 25-hydroxycholecolecalciferol induced bone resorption: Adenosine 3 5-cyclic monophosphatase production. Calcified Tissue Res 1974;16:163-7.
• 23. Hahn TJ, Scharp CR, Richardson CA, Halstead LR, Kahn AJ, Teitelbaum ST. Intercation of dyphenylhydantoin and phenobarbital with hormonal mediation of fetal rat bone resorption in vivo. J Clin Invest 1978;62:406-14.
• 24. Mokesilde L, Melsen F. Dynamic differences in trabecular bone remodeling between patients after jejuno ileal by pass for obesity and epileptic patients receiving anticonvulsant therapy. Metab Bone Dis 1980;2:77-82.
• 25. Weinstein RS, Bryce GF, Sappington LJ, King DW, Gallagher BB. Decreased serum ionized calcium and normal vitamin D metabolite levels with anticonvulsant drug treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984;58:1003-9.
• 26. Bramswig S, Zittermann A, Berthold HK. Carbamazepine does not alter biochemical parameters of bone turnover in healthy male adults. Calcif Tissue Int 2003;73(4):356-60.

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 May 2007
• Date of issue
  Apr 2007

History

• Accepted
  27 Nov 2006
• Reviewed
  17 Nov 2006
• Received
  22 Dec 2005