Effects of antibiotic growth promoters and concentrate on intake, digestibility, degradability, and ruminal variables in beef steers

Cortada Neto, I.M.; Vedovatto, M.; D'Oliveira, M.C.; Bento, A.L.L.; Gaspar, A.O.; Franco, G.L.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-12389

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Animal Science and Technology and Inspection of Animal Products • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 74 (01) • Jan-Feb 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-12389 linkcopy

Effects of antibiotic growth promoters and concentrate on intake, digestibility, degradability, and ruminal variables in beef steers

[Efeitos de antibióticos promotores de crescimento e do concentrado sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, degradabilidade e variáveis ruminais de novilhos de corte]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of antibiotic growth promoters to concentrate on intake, digestibility, in situ degradability and ruminal variables in steers. Four steers in a Latin square design were fed hay (ad libitum), concentrate [10g kg^-1 of body weight (BW)] and mineral mix (0.272g kg^-1 of BW). The additives (0.75mg kg^-1 of BW) were incorporated in the mineral mix as follows: Control (no antibiotics), lasalocid (LASA), salinomycin (SALI) or virginiamycin (VIRG). Antibiotic did not affect intake, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates. The LASA and SALI tended (P=0.09) to reduce the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The SALI and VIRG tended (P=0.09) to reduce the DM disappearance, and VIRG tended (P=0.06) to reduce the NDF disappearance in the rumen. The SALI and VIRG reduced the effective degradation and only SALI reduced the concentration of N-NH₃ in the rumen. Thus, the antibiotics did not affect intake, pH, VFA and digestibility, but decreased the degradation of fiber and only SALI reduced the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (N-NH₃) in the rumen.

Keywords: additives; antibiotics; growth promoters; ionophores; ruminants

Items	Chemical composition (g kg^-1 DM)
Items	Concentrate		Hay
Dry matter (DM)	860.00		880.00
Organic matter (OM)	981.80		953.20
Crude protein (CP)	184.70		36.00
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)	169.50		788.30
Ethereal extract (EE)	35.80		9.750
Non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC)	620.52		104.42
Ashes	18.20		46.80
Items	Guaranteed levels of mineral mix¹
Items	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG
Calcium (g kg^-1)	194	184	187	185
Sulfur (g kg^-1)	16	16	16	16
Phosphorus (g kg^-1)	70	70	70	70
Sodium (g kg^-1)	109	109	109	109
Cobalt (mg kg^-1)	50	50	50	50
Copper (mg kg^-1)	1050	1050	1050	1050
Iodine (mg kg^-1)	60	60	60	60
Manganese (mg kg^-1)	900	900	900	900
Selenium (mg kg^-1)	12	12	12	12
Zinc (mg kg^-1)	3500	3500	3500	3500
Lasalocid (g kg^-1)	-	2750	-	-
Salinomycin (g kg^-1)	-	-	2750	-
Virginiamycin (g kg^-1)	-	-	-	2750

Intake of¹	Treatments²				SEM	P-value
Intake of¹	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG
kg day ^-1
DM Hay	4.96	4.81	4.70	4.72	0.315	0.60
DM Total	8.94	8.73	8.66	8.66	0.363	0.60
OM Hay	4.70	4.55	4.45	4.47	0.304	0.59
OM Total	8.51	8.30	8.24	8.24	0.351	0.60
CP Hay	0.18	0.18	0.17	0.17	0.010	0.51
CP Total	0.90	0.88	0.89	0.89	0.038	0.26
NDF Hay	3.88	3.74	3.66	3.69	0.246	0.55
NDF Total	4.56	4.40	4.32	4.35	0.232	0.55
EE Feno	0.16	0.16	0.15	0.16	0.006	0.44
EE Total	0.38	0.37	0.36	0.37	0.016	0.51
Ashes Hay	0.27	0.26	0.26	0.25	0.018	0.72
Ashes Total	0.33	0.33	0.33	0.32	0.015	0.69
NFC Hay	0.47	0.47	0.46	0.45	0.087	0.82
NFC Total	2.83	2.79	2.81	2.79	0.173	0.81
g kg ^-1 of BW
DM Hay	10.89	10.72	10.28	10.40	0.952	0.52
DM Total	19.51	19.32	18.88	19.02	0.908	0.50
OM Hay	10.30	10.13	9.72	9.85	0.909	0.53
OM Total	18.54	18.37	17.95	18.08	0.867	0.51
CP Hay	0.40	0.40	0.39	0.39	0.036	0.67
CP Total	1.97	1.96	1.95	1.94	0.056	0.39
NDF Hay	8.51	8.31	7.99	8.14	0.746	0.52
NDF Total	9.96	9.77	9.45	9.60	0.728	0.52
EE Feno	0.36	0.35	0.34	0.34	0.028	0.31
EE Total	0.82	0.81	0.80	0.81	0.039	0.49
Ashes Hay	0.58	0.59	0.56	0.56	0.054	0.37
Ashes Total	0.96	0.95	0.93	0.94	0.051	0.51
NFC Hay	1.03	1.07	1.00	0.97	0.196	0.40
NFC Total	6.13	6.16	6.08	6.06	0.174	0.49

Digestibility of¹	Treatments²				SEM	P-value ³
Digestibility of¹	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG
DM (fraction 0-1)	0.58	0.57	0.56	0.58	0.019	0.65
Digestible amount (g kg DM^-1)
OM	598.77	586.28	574.81	598.6	19.394	0.49
CP	683.72	699.71	674.14	702.58	26.003	0.54
NDF	425.17^a	364.23^b	337.93^b	378.05^ab	21.899	0.09
EE	906.83	905.51	932.65	908.66	14.567	0.14
NFC	763.15	721.17	777.22	744.70	46.302	0.76
TDN	571.46	580.57	573.02	599.53	23.285	0.55

Incubation hours	Treatments¹				SEM	P-value ²
Incubation hours	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG		Treatment	Hour	Treatment × Hour
DM disappearance				0.22		<0.01	0.09
0	0.15^H	0.15^H	0.15^H	0.15^H	0.008
3	0.21^G	0.21^G	0.21^G	0.20^G	0.008
6	0.23^F	0.23^F	0.23^F	0.22^F	0.008
12	0.27^Ea	0.28^Ea	0.26^Eab	0.24^Eb	0.008
24	0.33^D	0.35^D	0.35^D	0.33^D	0.008
48	0.44^Cab	0.45^Ca	0.44^Cab	0.43^Cb	0.008
72	0.50^Ba	0.49^Ba	0.48^Bab	0.47^Bb	0.008
96	0.53^Aa	0.53^Aa	0.51^Ab	0.50^Ab	0.008
120	0.55^A	0.55^A	0.54^A	0.53^A	0.008
NDF disappearance				0.06		<0.01	0.31
3	0.17 ^G	0.16^G	0.16^G	0.14^G	0.009
6	0.18^F	0.18^F	0.18^F	0.16^F	0.009
12	0.21^E	0.23^E	0.22^E	0.20^E	0.010
24	0.29^D	0.31^D	0.30^D	0.28^D	0.009
48	0.40^C	0.42^C	0.39^C	0.39^C	0.009
72	0.46^B	0.47^B	0.45^B	0.43^B	0.009
96	0.50^A	0.50^A	0.48^A	0.47^A	0.009
120	0.53^A	0.53^A	0.52^A	0.48^A	0.009
Average	0.34^a	0.35^a	0.34^a	0.32^b	0.006

Parameters¹	Treatments²			SEM	P-value ³
Parameters¹	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG
DM (a=0.154)
b	0.393	0.398	0.384	0.378	0.011	0.28
c	0.031^ab	0.035^a	0.027^bc	0.024^c	0.002	0.01
ED (0.02 h^-1)	0.486^a	0.482^a	0.459^b	0.457^b	0.007	<0.01
ED (0.05 h^-1)	0.364^a	0.358^a	0.339^b	0.338^b	0.008	<0.01
NDF
b	0.527^a	0.526^a	0.516^a	0.495^b	0.012	0.02
c	0.028^ab	0.029^a	0.025^b	0.027^ab	0.001	0.09
ED (0.02 h^-1)	0.462^a	0.464^a	0.439^b	0.438^b	0.005	<0.01
ED (0.05 h^-1)	0.344^a	0.346^a	0.325^b	0.328^b	0.004	<0.01

Items	Treatments¹				SEM	P-value ²
Items	Control	LASA	SALI	VIRG		Treatment	Hour	Treatment × Hour
VFA (mmol L ^-1 )
Acetate	68.30	62.77	66.07	65.90	3.25	0.78	<0.01	0.27
Propionate	13.68	12.96	12.84	11.84	1.09	0.70	<0.01	0.90
Butyrate	12.63	11.19	11.87	12.36	0.83	0.77	<0.01	0.81
Isobutirate	0.63	0.58	0.61	0.64	0.07	0.95	0.08	0.87
N-butirate	12.07	10.64	11.26	11.78	0.79	0.75	<0.01	0.77
Valerate	1.27	1.13	1.19	1.25	0.13	0.86	0.05	0.98
Isovalerate	0.70	0.60	0.68	0.63	0.08	0.83	<0.01	0.99
N-valerate	0.57	0.51	0.53	0.60	0.05	0.67	<0.01	0.89
Total VFA	95.53	86.95	92.42	90.30	4.70	0.72	<0.01	0.11
Acetate:propionate ratio	5.08	4.96	5.34	5.80	0.47	0.61	<0.01	0.12

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Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[TFN1] ¹
Control, no antibiotic growth promoters; LASA, lasalocid; SALI, salinomycin; VIRG, virginiamycin.

[TFN2] Hay was offered ad libitum, concentrate in the amount of 10g kg^-1 of body weight (BW), mineral mix of 0.272g kg^-1 of BW and antibiotic growth promoters 0.75mg kg^-1 of BW.