Opisthorchis felineus in cat: case report

Opisthorchis felineus em gato: relato de caso

cat; trematodes; Opisthorchis felineus

gato; trematodes; Opisthorchis felineus

COMMUNICATION

Opisthorchis felineus in cat: case report

Opisthorchis felineus em gato: relato de caso

P. Oliveira; M.A. Pires; P. Rodrigues; M. Ginja; M.J. Pires; I. Pires; L. Cardoso; L. Antunes; M. Rodrigues

Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias – Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro - 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal

Keywords: cat; trematodes, Opisthorchis felineus

RESUMO

Opisthorchis felineus foi encontrado em um gato admitido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro. No momento de admissão, o animal apresentava-se em estado de choque, com hipotermia, desidratação e mucosas pálidas. As análises hematológicas revelaram linfopenia, eosinofilia e anemia moderada. À necrópsia observou-se distensão da vesícula biliar e intensa infestação parasitária no fígado. O estudo morfológico do parasita revelou tratar-se de Opisthorchis felineus.

Palavras-chave: gato, trematodes, Opisthorchis felineus

Opisthorchis felineus is a small fluke that can be found in Europe, Asia and North America. Domestic animals, especially cats, become infected by eating insufficiently cooked fish. Clinical signs are variable, and infestation with a moderate number of parasites is usually asymptomatic, however with a high quantity of parasites it may lead to hepatic insufficiency.

Infection by this trematodes was never reported in cats from Portugal, although this parasitosis is relevant to ichthyophagous animals (dogs, cats, pigs, foxes, wolverine, martens, beavers, otters, European pole cats, Siberian weasels, sables, Norway rats, water vole, rabbits, seals and lions) (Mehlhorn et al., 1992; Kelly, 1993; Mas-Coma et al., 2000; Cullen and Maclachlan, 2001).

A 15-year-old male domestic short-haired cat was admitted to the Veterinary teaching Hospital of the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, with a history of anorexia, lethargy, weight loss and haematuria. The animal was hill for a week, and its health had rapidly worsened. The cat lived near a riverside and ate frequently freshwater fish. The cat had not been vaccinated or dewormed. It was in a shock condition with stupor, hypothermia, dehydration, increased heart rate, poor pulse quality, anaemic mucous and lengthy capillary refill time. Auscultation revealed pulmonary crackles, lengthy capillary refill time. Hepatomegaly was evident on abdominal palpation.

On the day of admission haematological analysis showed nonregenerative anaemia (PCV, 29%), reticulocyte counts of 1%, lymphocytosis and moderate eosinophilia. Plasma proteins were slightly elevated. The serum biochemical profile was altered (Table 1). Urinalysis revealed proteinuria, haematuria and a urine density of 1.015.

The whole pulmonary parenchyma showed an increase in radiograph density and abdominal radiography revealed gas accumulation in the intestine, an increase of the hepatic projection area and small kidneys.

Treatment with a lactated Ringer's solution, IV, supplement with potassium chloride and 22mg/kg ampicillin, QID, was started due to suspect of chronic renal failure. The condition of the cat became worse and it died 12 hours after admission.

Post mortem macroscopic examination showed an intense liver parasitic infestation and a distended gallbladder containing small adult flukes (<12mm long). The morphologic study of the parasite, based on Soulsby (1987), showed that it corresponded to Opisthorchis felineus also known as Opisthorchis tenuicollis (Fig. 1).

Histologic evaluation showed chronic interstitial nephritis and arteriosclerosis and calcification of the pulmonary vessels. The liver presented intracanalicular colestasis, ductal hyperplasia and hypertrophy with parasites inside (Fig. 2), hepatitis and colangitis.

It was not possible to ascertain as to what extent the clinical condition of the cat was due to the parasite, and whether the infestation was responsible for the extrahepatic lesions.

The geographic distribution of this parasitosis differs according to the several species of the genus Opisthorchis. O. felineus is endemic in Central Europe and Eastern Europe, Middle East, Asia Minor, Asian Russia, Vietnam, India, and it has also been described in Canada (Cheng, 1986; Urquhart et al., 1996)

The animal of this study was often fed with raw freshwater fish. O. felineus requires two intermediate hosts (Romero, 1988; Urquhart et al., 1996). The first, in which cercariae develop from rediae, is a snail Bithynia tentaculata (Oriel and Lawrance, 1995; Urquhart et al., 1996; Bowman, 1999). The second, in which cercariae encyst as metacercariae, can be two dozen species from seventeen genera of freshwater cyprinoid fish (Bowman, 1999; Mas-Coma et al., 2000). The definitive host becomes infected by eating the raw or insufficiently cooked fish, and young flukes migrate to the liver via the bile ducts (Cheng, 1986; Urquhart et al., 1996; Bowman, 1999). The adult flukes are parasites of the bile and pancreatic ducts and small intestine of the host (Cheng, 1986; Romero, 1988; Bowman, 1999; Cullen et al., 2001).

Infestation with a moderate number of parasites is usually asymptomatic, but in a chronic inflammation with a high quantity of parasites may lead to hepatic insufficiency (Mehlhorn et al., 1992; Bowman, 1999).

In massive infestations the young forms play a predominant role due to their cuticular spines, which are abrasive to the bile ducts, causing thickening with papiloma formations and cysts containing parasites (Mehlhorn et al., 1992; Urquhart et al., 1996; Campillo, 1999). In these situations the clinical findings are: emaciation, diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, hepatomegaly, weight loss, abdominal pain, anorexia, ascites and death (Soulsby, 1987; Urquhart et al., 1996; Campillo, 1999).

A few cases of hepatic or pancreatic carcinoma in man and cat associated with O. felineus were referred by Soulsby (1987).

Diagnosis of infection is based on the identification of the operculated eggs in the faces by a technique of formalin-ether sedimentation or by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of specific antibodies (Johnson and Sherding, 1994; Hugh-Jones et al., 1995). Laboratory findings tend to be inconsistent and unremarkable. Eosinophilia, hyperbilirrubinemia and increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activity is sometimes detected (Johnson and Sherding, 1994; Campillo, 1999).

Specific treatment for this parasitosis has not been available until recently. Hexachlorophene in single oral doses of 20mg/kg for the treatment of opisthorchiasis in dogs and cats is referred by Bowman (1999). Alternatively Johnson and Sherding (1994) suggest that a daily dose of praziquantel (40mg/kg), for three consecutive days may be used. Feeding with boiled fish prevents infection (Mehlhorn et al., 1992; Urquhart et al., 1996).

The cat of this report presented clinical signs, confirmed by laboratory tests, of chronic renal failure, and it was treated accordingly. No symptom suggested an Opisthorchis infestation, and the diagnostic ELISA was not available in the clinic. The massive infestation observed at post mortem examination was therefore an unexpected finding.

It is concluded for the importance of Opisthorchis infection as a clinical possibility in cats living near river lines or eating raw fish. These clinical situations may have special importance in elderly animals or in chronic pathologies and may suggest the demand for a specific deworming scheme with broad action drugs.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank Drª Leonor Miranda for translation of the manuscript.

Recebido para publicação em 5 de maio de 2004

Recebido para publicação, após modificações, em 11 de fevereiro de 2004

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References

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  04 Oct 2005
• Date of issue
  Aug 2005

History

• Received
  05 May 2004
• Accepted
  11 Feb 2004