Reference values for biochemical analytes in feral sheep from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico

Arias, I.E.; Prado, R.O.F.; García, M.L.J.; Zepeda, B.J.L.; García, C.A.C.

doi:10.1590/1678-4162-11988

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Veterinary Medicine • Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec. 72 (06) • Nov-Dec 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4162-11988 copy

Reference values for biochemical analytes in feral sheep from Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico

[Valores de referência para analitos bioquímicos em carneiros selvagens na Ilha Socorro, Arquipélago de Revillagigedo, México]

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

To establish reference values for biochemical analytes related to freshwater shortage adaptation, a total of 376 blood samples were collected from feral sheep at Socorro Island, Revillagigedo Archipelago. Year-round variation was assessed by sampling at the beginning of each season defined by the March equinox, June solstice, September equinox, and December solstice. The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean values of each season. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, albumin, total protein, sodium ion, anion gap, creatine kinase, arginine vasopressin, and aldosterone showed concentrations above the reference range for domestic sheep. Triglycerides, urea, albumin, sodium ion, and aldosterone showed concentrations within the reference range for domestic goats. Most biochemical analytes showed differences (P<0.05) between seasons, with the highest values occurring during winter, and the lowest during spring. Results could help improve the accuracy of metabolic profiles used as a tool for evaluating dehydration indicators, and to describe the physiological mechanisms employed by feral sheep to cope with seasonal availability of freshwater.

Keywords:
blood chemistry; metabolic profile; feral sheep

Analyte^*	Unit	Method	Reagent
Energy profile
Glucose (GLU)	mM	Colorimetric. Trinder^a	1001190¹
Total cholesterol (COL-T)	mM	Colorimetric. Liquid^b	41020¹
Triglycerides (TAG)	mM	Colorimetric. Liquid^c	41032¹
β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HBA)	mM	Enzymatic^d	RB1007²
Protein profile
Urea	mM	Enzymatic^e	1001333¹
Albumin (ALB)	g/dL	Colorimetric. Bromocresol green	1001020¹
Globulin (GLOB)	g/dL	(PROT-T) - (ALB)	Difference
Total protein (PROT-T)	g/dL	Colorimetric. Biuret	1001291¹
Mineral profile
Calcium ion (Ca²⁺)	mM	Colorimetric. Arsenazo III	CA2391²
Inorganic phosphate (P_i )	mM	Colorimetric. Phosphomolybdate	1001155¹
Sodium ion (Na⁺)	mM	Enzymatic. Galactosidase	1001385¹
Potassium ion (K⁺)	mM	Enzymatic^f	1001395¹
Magnesium ion (Mg²⁺)	mM	Colorimetric. Xylidyl Blue	1001286¹
Chlorine ion (Cl^-)	mM	Colorimetric. Mercuric Thiocyanate	1001360¹
Carbon dioxide (CO₂)	mM	Enzymatic^g	CD127²
Hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO₃ ^-)	mM	Enzymatic by CO₂ total and gas dissolved	99852³
Anion gap	mM	[(Na⁺ + K⁺) - (Cl^- + HCO₃ ^-)]	Difference
Enzyme profile
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)	U/L	Enzymatic^h	41274¹
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)	U/L	Enzymaticⁱ	41264¹
Creatine kinase (CK)	U/L	Enzymatic^j	41250¹
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT)	U/L	Enzymatic^k	41292¹
Hormone profile
Arginine vasopressin (AVP)	pg/mL	Radioimmunoassay^l	KIPERB319⁴
Aldosterone (Aldo)	pg/mL	Radioimmunoassay^m	KIPZ0100⁴

Analyte	Mean ± standard deviation	Reference range for sheep	Reference range for goat	Confidence interval of 95%
Energy profile
Glucose (mM)	3.76 ± 0.25	3.80 ± 0.33^†	3.49 ± 0.39^†	3.73 - 3.78
Total cholesterol (mM)**	2.14 ± 0.12	1.66 ± 0.31^†	1.55 ± 0.67^†	2.13 - 2.15
Triglycerides (mM)*	0.39 ± 0.01	0.33 ± 0.01^§	0.20 ± 0.09^¥	0.39 - 0.39
β-hydroxybutyrate (mM)	0.59 ± 0.01	0.55 ± 0.04^†	0.50 ± 0.14^¥	0.59 - 0.59
Protein profile
Urea (mM)**	8.63 ± 0.39	7.70 ± 0.43^§	9.60 ± 3.02^¥	8.59 - 8.67
Albumin (g/dL)**	3.53 ± 0.39	2.70 ± 0.11^†	3.30 ± 0.33^†	3.49 - 3.57
Globulin (g/dL)	5.19 ± 0.09	4.40 ± 0.73^†	3.60 ± 0.50^†	5.18 - 5.20
Total protein (g/dL)*	8.73 ± 0.34	7.20 ± 0.52^†	6.90 ± 0.48^†	8.69 - 8.76
Mineral profile
Calcium ion (mM)	3.06 ± 0.12	3.04 ± 0.07^†	2.58 ± 0.18^†	3.05 - 3.08
Inorganic phosphate (mM)	2.12 ± 0.16	2.07 ± 0.06^†	4.62 ± 0.25^†	2.10 - 2.14
Sodium ion (mM)**	162.9 ± 11.4	141.5 ± 4.1^†	150.0 ± 3.1^†	161.7 - 164.1
Potassium ion (mM)	4.32 ± 0.20	4.23 ± 0.5^§	4.40 ± 0.56^¥	4.30 - 4.34
Magnesium ion (mM)	1.18 ± 0.12	1.03 ± 0.12^†	1.32 ± 0.14^†	1.17 - 1.19
Chlorine ion (mM)	99.04 ± 2.70	99.0 ± 4.0^†	105.1 ± 2.9^†	98.7 - 99.3
Carbon dioxide (mM)	26.79 ± 1.27	26.20 ± 1.0^†	27.40 ± 1.40^†	26.66 - 26.92
Hydrogen carbonate ion (mM)	23.29 ± 1.24	22.50 ± 2.50^†	26.53 ± 2.66^∞	23.17 - 23.42
Anion gap (mM)*	44.92 ± 11.83	24.23 ± 3.90º	22.87 ± 3.70º	43.72 - 46.11
Enzyme profile
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	26.77 ± 2.10	24.13 ± 1.0^§	12.0 ± 6.0^†	26.56 - 26.98
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	79.87 ± 2.11	80.92 ± 4.0^§	85.1 ± 28.02^¥	79.65 - 80.08
Creatine kinase (U/L)*	13.07 ± 0.26	10.3 ± 1.6^†	4.50 ± 2.8^†	13.04 - 13.10
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)	35.88 ± 1.42	33.50 ± 4.30^†	38.0 ± 13.0^†	35.73 - 36.02
Hormone profile
Arginine vasopressin (pg/mL)*	8.29 ± 0.40	3.30 ± 1.37^æ	13.64 ± 1.72^£	8.25 - 8.34
Aldosterone (pg/mL)**	27.86 ± 1.03	20.10 ± 2.21^¶	30.10 ± 2.21^æ	27.75 - 27.96

Analyte^*	March equinox	June solstice	September equinox	December solstice
Energy profile
Glucose (mM)	3.75 ± 0.24^a	3.76 ± 0.25^a	3.75 ± 0.24^a	3.76 ± 0.26^a
Total cholesterol (mM)	2.08 ± 0.11^a	2.13 ± 0.11^b	2.13 ± 0.11^b	2.22 ± 0.11^c
Triglycerides (mM)	0.39 ± 0.01^a	0.39 ± 0.01^a	0.39 ± 0.02^a	0.39 ± 0.01^a
β-hydroxybutyrate (mM)	0.58 ± 0.012^a	0.58 ± 0.011^b	0.59 ± 0.012^b	0.60 ± 0.011^c
Protein profile
Urea (mM)	8.15 ± 0.18^a	8.51 ± 0.14^b	8.72 ± 0.12^c	9.15 ± 0.17^d
Albumin (g/dL)	3.04 ± 0.16^a	3.42 ± 0.10^b	3.63 ± 0.08^c	4.04 ± 0.22^d
Globulin (g/dL)	5.25 ± 0.06^a	5.19 ± 0.04^b	5.21 ± 0.04^b	5.11 ± 0.11^c
Total protein (g/dL)	8.30 ± 0.15^a	8.62 ± 0.14^b	8.84 ± 0.12^c	9.16 ± 0.14^d
Mineral profile
Calcium ion (mM)	2.90 ± 0.05^a	3.02 ± 0.03^b	3.11 ± 0.02^c	3.22 ± 0.05^d
Inorganic phosphate (mM)	2.06 ± 0.11^a	2.11 ± 0.11^b	2.12 ± 0.11^b	2.21 ± 0.11^c
Sodium ion (mM)	161.28 ± 11.53^a	163.18 ± 11.24^a	162.32 ± 12.01^a	164.98 ± 11.04^a
Potassium ion (mM)	4.10 ± 0.15^a	4.32 ± 0.11^b	4.33 ± 0.12^b	4.54 ± 0.13^c
Magnesium ion (mM)	1.14 ± 0.12^a	1.18 ± 0.11^a	1.18 ± 0.12^a	1.23 ± 0.11^b
Chlorine ion (mM)	95.77 ± 2.07^a	98.40 ± 0.50^b	99.66 ± 0.53^c	102.34 ± 1.41^d
Carbon dioxide (mM)	26.79 ± 1.29^a	26.85 ± 1.25^a	26.70 ± 1.34^a	26.83 ± 1.23^a
Hydrogen carbonate ion (mM)	21.72 ± 0.62^a	22.87 ± 0.21^b	23.69 ± 0.19^c	24.90 ± 0.57^d
Anion gap (mM)	47.88 ± 11.81^a	46.22 ±11.32^ab	43.30 ± 12.24^b	42.28 ± 11.25^b
Enzyme profile
Alanine aminotransferase (U/L)	26.93 ± 1.95^a	27.23 ± 2.33^a	26.98 ± 2.13^a	25.96 ± 1.76^b
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	80.09 ± 1.95^a	80.32 ± 2.32^a	80.09 ± 2.13^a	78.97 ± 1.79^b
Creatine kinase (U/L)	12.72 ± 0.09^a	13.01 ± 0.04^b	13.14 ± 0.05^c	13.42 ± 0.10^d
γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (U/L)	35.94 ± 1.45^a	35.87 ± 1.42^a	35.87 ± 1.41^a	35.84 ± 1.43^a
Hormone profile
Arginine vasopressin (pg/mL)	8.13 ± 0.39^a	8.28 ± 0.37^b	8.29 ± 0.39^b	8.47 ± 0.37^c
Aldosterone (pg/mL)	26.78 ± 0.68^a	27.59 ± 0.63^b	28.09 ± 0.64^c	28.96 ± 0.69^d

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária Caixa Postal 567, 30123-970 Belo Horizonte MG - Brazil, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2041, Tel.: (55 31) 3409-2042 - Belo Horizonte - MG - Brazil
E-mail: abmvz.artigo@gmail.com

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[1] *Autor para correspondência (corresponding author) E-mail: cesargarciacasillas@hotmail.com