Lupus retinopathy: epidemiology and risk factors

Azevedo, Leonardo Gomes Bortoloti de; Biancardi, Ana Luiza; Silva, Renata Alves; Tavares, Nycholas da Costa; Abreu, Mirhelen Mendes de; Bica, Blanca Elena Rios Gomes; Moraes Jr, Haroldo Vieira de

doi:10.5935/0004-2749.20210076

Brasil

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REVIEW ARTICLE • Arq. Bras. Oftalmol. 84 (4) • Jul-Aug 2021 • https://doi.org/10.5935/0004-2749.20210076 linkcopy

Lupus retinopathy: epidemiology and risk factors

Retinopatia lúpica: epidemiologia e fatores de risco

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Lupus retinopathy is a clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in the visual system. It is generally asymptomatic; however, it can become a threatening condition. It is closely associated with the inflammatory activity and higher mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus retinopathy has several different clinical presentations, such as lupus microangiopathy, vascular occlusion, vasculitis, hypertensive retinopathy associated with lupus nephritis, and autoimmune retinopathy. Although the prevalence and associated factors of lupus retinopathy have been well defined in some parts of the world, there are no data from Latin America, including Brazil. As lupus retinopathy is generally asymptomatic, without a routine fundoscopy, it has been probably underestimated. This review is intended to discuss the epidemiology and risk factors of lupus retinopathy.

Keywords: Lupus erythematosus, systemic/epidemiology; Retinal diseases; Risk factors

Author	Country	Year	Methodology	Patients, n	LR, n (%)
Sttaford-Brady et al. ⁽⁽¹³⁾⁾	Canada	1989	Cohort	550	41 (7%)
Montehermoso et al. ⁽⁽⁴⁹⁾⁾	Spain	1999	Cross-sectional	82	13 (15%)
Ushiyama et al. ⁽⁽³⁹⁾⁾	Japan	2000	Cross-sectional	69	7 (10%)
Gao et al. ⁽⁽³⁸⁾⁾	China	2017	Case-control	5298	35 (0.6 %)
Seth et al. ⁽⁽³⁷⁾⁾	Índia	2018	Cross-sectional	437	45(10%)
Azevedo et al. ⁽⁽⁴⁰⁾⁾	Brazil	2019	Cross-sectional	102	5 (4.9%)

	Sex	Age	SLE- duration	SLEDAI	PCR	ESR	Anti-DNA	aCL	Renal disease	Neuro-SLE
Sttaford-Brady et al.⁽⁽¹³⁾⁾	-	-	-	N	N	N	N	N	-	+
Ushiyama et al.⁽⁽³⁹⁾⁾	-	-	-	+	N	N	N	+	+	+
Gao et al.⁽⁽³⁸⁾⁾	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	-	-	+
Seth et al.⁽⁽³⁷⁾⁾	-	-	-	+	N	N	-	-	+	+
Azevedo et al.⁽⁽⁴⁰⁾⁾	-	-	-	+	-	-	-	N	N	N

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Conselho Brasileiro de Oftalmologia Rua Casa do Ator, 1117 - cj.21, 04546-004 São Paulo SP Brazil, Tel: 55 11 - 3266-4000, Fax: 55 11- 3171-0953 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
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[TFN1] Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI); C-reactive protein (CRP); Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); Double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody (anti-DNA); anticardiolipin antibody (Acl); Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (Neuro-SLE). Statistically significant association with LR (+); Statistically nonsignificant association with LR (-); Not validated (N).