Macular hemorrhage after roller coaster riding in a single-eyed patient with congenital glaucoma

Hemorragia macular após passeio em montanha russa em paciente monocular com glaucoma congênito

ABSTRACT

A 21-year-old female presented with a 4-day history of decreased vision in her only functional eye (right eye, OD). She had a history of multiple ocular surgeries in both eyes because of congenital glaucoma and had lost light perception in her left eye several years prior. Ophthalmological examination revealed 0.15 Snellen visual acuity, and fundoscopy revealed nearly total cupping and pallor of the optic disc and multiple retinal hemorrhagic foci in the macula in OD. Lesions spontaneously resolved over a few months. Gravitational forces during a roller coaster ride may have caused this macular hemorrhage.

Keywords:
Eye hemorrhage; Tomography, optical coherence; Glaucoma/congenital

RESUMO

Uma paciente de 21 anos de idade se apresentou com perda de visão há quatro dias em seu único olho com visão útil. Ela tinha uma história de cirurgias oculares múltiplas nos dois olhos devido a um glaucoma congênito e perda de percepção luminosa em olho esquerdo há muitos anos. O exame oftalmológico revelou acuidade visual de Snellen de 0,15 e na fundoscopia foi observada escavação do nervo óptico quase total e palidez de papila, assim como focos hemorrágicos múltiplos na região macular. As lesões se resolveram espontaneamente em alguns meses. Acreditamos que essas hemorragias maculares tenham sido causadas pelas forças gravitacionais geradas durante o passeio na montanha russa.

Descritores:
Hemorragia ocular; Tomografia de coerência óptica; Glaucoma/congênito

CASE REPORT

A 21-year-old female presented with decreased vision in her right eye (OD), which already had a low vision, for the past 4 days. She had undergone several surgeries in both eyes because of congenital glaucoma and had lost light perception in her left eye (OS) several years prior. For treatment of both her eyes, she was on topical anti-glaucomatous medication, including dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate combination and brimonidine tartrate.

Ophthalmological examination revealed 0.15 Snellen visual acuity OD and no light perception in OS. Intraocular pressure was 14 mmHg OD and 15 mmHg OS, as evidenced using applanation tonometry. Anterior segment findings included megalocornea and temporally located posterior embryotoxon bilaterally. Fundoscopy revealed nearly total cupping and pallor of the optic disc and multiple retinal hemorrhagic foci in the macula with decreased autofluorescence corresponding to the hemorrhagic areas (Figures 1 A and B). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT; Topcon 3D OCT-2000, Topcon Inc., Japan) revealed thickening and increased reflectivity of the outer retinal layers at the fovea with disturbance of the IS/OS layer (Figure 2 A). There was a full-thickness loss of retinal integrity along with subretinal hyper-reflectivity competent with hemorrhage, temporal to the macula. Hyperreflectivity over the retina in the vitreous because of hemorrhage and increased hyper-reflectivity of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) over the patchy hemorrhagic area were also noted (Figure 2 B).

Figure 1
A) Grey-scale fundus image of the right eye showing foveal and extrafoveal retinal hemorrhage 5 days after the roller coaster ride. B) Decreased autofluorescence in the areas where retinal hemorrhage was noted. C) Grey-scale fundus image of the right eye 2 months after admission, showing resolution of the hemorrhages.

Figure 2
A) Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) image of the fovea revealing intra- and subretinal hemorrhage blurring the continuity of the IS/OS band (lower arrow), with increased hyper-reflectivity of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) (upper arrow). B) SD-OCT image of the extrafoveal area, showing hyper-reflectivity in the vitreous because of an hemorrhage (upper arrow), hyper reflectivity under ILM and in the ganglion cell layer (middle arrow) because of an hemorrhage, and hyper-reflectivity corresponding to the subretinal hemorrhage (lower arrow).

The patient did not have any previous or current systemic disease, did not use any systemic drugs, and had no recent history of accident, trauma, or Valsalva maneuver. When asked to help identify any etiological factor that may have caused the retinal hemorrhage, she recounted riding a roller coaster at an amusement park 5 days prior.

Hematological evaluation revealed iron deficiency anemia, and she was prescribed iron supplements. We followed up with her weekly during the first month and monthly thereafter up to the sixth month. One week after her initial evaluation, her visual acuity increased to 0.3 in OD. After 2 months, the hemorrhages had completely resorbed (Figure 1 C), and SD-OCT sections were found to be normal without any evidence of disturbance of the retinal layers. Only the hyper-reflectivity of the ILM at the fovea remained stable. At the six-month visit, visual acuity was still 0.3, with stable SD-OCT findings (Figure 3).

Figure 3
Normal spectral-domain optical coherence tomography image of the fovea six months after presentation as seen with the minimal hyper-reflectivity of internal limiting membrane (ILM) at the fovea.

DISCUSSION

We considered this retinal hemorrhage to be caused by gravitational forces during a roller coaster ride. The excitement of roller coaster rides partly comes from complex and abrupt changes in motion. Roller coaster riding causes rapid acceleration and deceleration in all three dimensions with positive and negative g-forces. The complex and abrupt changes in motion have the potential to cause sudden hyperextension, hyperflexion, or rotation of the neck, causing injury to the carotid or vertebral arteries through the creation of intimal tears⁽¹⁾. Individuals with connective tissue disorders are more vulnerable to these injuries; however, phenotypically normal people may also have ultrastructural connective tissue abnormalities, which may increase the risk of injury.

Riding roller coasters can cause systemic complications, including headache, intracranial hemorrhage, vascular dissection (vertebral artery and internal carotid artery), cerebral aneurysm, and cardiac complications such as arrhythmia and myocardial infarction. Reported ocular complications because of indirect trauma include retinal macrovessel decompensation as observed in a 19-year-old female⁽²⁾, macular hemorrhage as observed in a 26-year-old female⁽³⁾, and retinal artery occlusion that is associated with ipsilateral ophthalmic artery occlusion secondary to internal carotid artery dissection in a 35-year-old female⁽⁴⁾. Our patient developed blurred vision 1 day after the roller coaster ride. We believe there could be two explanations for the delay in symptoms; either she may not have noticed the blurring in her eye which already had poor visual acuity or the retinal edema and hemorrhage may have migrated towards the fovea.

Mechanical disruption of macular vessels by shearing forces at the interface between the vitreous and retina, increased retinal venous pressure caused by sudden increases in cerebral pressure, high hydrostatic pressure because of g-forces temporarily and intermittently disrupting blood flow to the head and eye, or a mechanism similar to shaken baby syndrome (SBS) are possible reasons for the hemorrhage⁽³⁾.

Roller coasters can accelerate passengers up to 100 km/h in 2.5 s⁽⁵⁾. Repositioning of a dislocated intraocular lens during a roller coaster ride after reaching a height of 73 m and being brought to a speed of 130 km/h exposing passengers to a centripetal force of 4 G has been reported⁽⁶⁾. In SBS, which is primarily caused by repeated acceleration-deceleration forces, retinal hemorrhage is observed in 50%-100% of patients⁽⁷⁾; usually bilaterally but also unilaterally with asymmetric presentation. Shaking induces shearing forces at the vitreoretinal interface and is the main contributing factor in multilayered retinal hemorrhages observed in SBS. Repeated acceleration and deceleration is believed to be necessary for the vitreous to separate from the retina in cases with retinoschisis⁽⁸⁾. Asymmetric presentation was observed in this case. This may be attributed to the difference in ocular dynamics in these two eyes, which had undergone several major operations in the past.

FAF is a method of evaluating the integrity of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with a normal RPE metabolic activity showing a homogenous pattern and hypo-autofluorescence showing probable photoreceptor or RPE cell impairment. A report on FAF imaging in patients with blunt ocular-trauma demonstrated hypo-autofluorescence of recent subretinal hemorrhage with no degradation of red blood cells and hyper-autofluorescence of old subretinal hemorrhage on degradation of blood cells⁽⁷⁾. In our case, the area of hypo-autofluorescence because of blockage of hemorrhage resolved, and iso-autofluorescence was observed during follow-up.

With this case report, we wish to attract attention to a completely and spontaneously recovered sub- and intraretinal macular hemorrahge in a patient went for a roller coaster ride. This patient has the risks of probable ocular tissue alterations because of congenital glaucoma and previous surgeries. As ophthalmologists, we should warn our younger patients with predisposing factors against the possible risks of injury on riding roller coasters.

• Funding: No specific financial support was available for this study.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Nov-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  01 June 2015
• Accepted
  07 Jan 2016