1(1717 Uchio E, Aoki K, SaithoW, Itoh N, Ohno S. Rapid diagnosis of adenoviral conjunctivitis on conjunctival swabs by 10-minute immunochromatography. Ophthalmology. 1997;104(8):1294-9.) |
1997 |
Japan |
Compare IC and EIA tests for AdV detection |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
2(1818 Pring-Akerblom P, Adrian T, Köstler T. PCR-based detection and typing of human adenoviruses in clinical samples. Res Virol. 1997;148(3):225-31.) |
1997 |
Germany |
Evaluate type-specific primers for AdV |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
3(1919 Dalapathy S, Lily TK, Roy S, Madhavan HN. Development and use of nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of adenovirus from conjunctivitis specimens. J Clin Virol. 1998;11(1):77-84.) |
1998 |
India |
Develop and evaluate nested PCR as a tool for detecting AdV from conjunctival swabs |
Descriptive Observational Study |
4(4848 Rodriguez LL, De Roo A, Guimard Y, Trappier SG, Sanchez A, Bressler D, et al. Persistence and genetic stability of Ebola virus during the outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995. J Infect Dis. 1999;179(Suppl 1):S170-6.) |
1999 |
USA |
Determine the genetic stability of EBO-Z, and whether additional strains of EBO virus were circulating during Kikwit outbreak |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
5(4747 Liu JH, Hsu WM, Wong WW, Wang JJ, Liu WT, Liu CY, et al. Using conjunctival swab with polymerase chain reaction to aid diagnosis of cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients. Ophthalmologica. 2000;214(2):126-30.) |
2000 |
China |
Describe the application of conjunctival swab with PCR and virus culture to confirm the diagnosis of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients |
Prospective Longitudinal Quantitative Study |
6(2020 Elnifro EM, Cooper RJ, Klapper PE, Yeo AC, Tullo AB. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of viral and chlamydial keratoconjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41(7):1818-22.) |
2000 |
UK |
Develop a multiplex PCR for the detection of AdV, HSV, and Chlamydia trachomatis in conjunctival swabs |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
7(2121 Chang CH, Sheu MM, Lin KH, Chen CW. Hemorrhagic viral keratoconjunctivitis in Taiwan caused by Adenovirus types 19 and 37: applicability of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in detecting adenovirus genotypes. Cornea. 2001;20(3):295-300.) |
2001 |
Taiwan |
Evaluate the sensitivity and applicability of PCR and RT-PCR diagnoses for keratoconjunctivitis associated with viral infection |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
8(3030 Zaal MJ, Völker-Dieben HJ, Wienesen M, D’Amaro J, Kijlstra A. Longitudinal analysis of varicella-zoster virus DNA on the ocular surface associated with herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131(1):25-9.) |
2001 |
Netherlands |
Develop a longitudinal analysis of VZV DNA on the ocular surface of patients with herpes zoster ophthalmicus |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
9(3131 Willoughby CE, Baker K, Kaye SB, Carey P, O’Donnell N, Field A, et al. Epstein-barr virus (types 1 and 2) in the tear film in Sjogren’s Syndrome and HIV infection. J Med Virol. 2002;68(3):378-83.) |
2002 |
UK |
Determine whether ocular shedding of EBV in the tear film is peculiar to patients with Sjogren’s syndrome, and whether coinfection with EBV occurs in the tear film |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
10(2222 Weitgasser U, Haller EM, El-Shabrawi Y. Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of adenoviruses in conjunctival swab specimens using degenerate primers in comparison with direct immunofluorescence. Ophthalmologica. 2002;216(5):329-32.) |
2002 |
Austria |
Investigate a rapid and sensitive PCR-based assay for the detection of adenoviral infections |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
11(3232 Robert PY, Traccard I, Adenis JP, Denis F, Ranger-Rogez S. Multiplex detection of herpesviruses in tear fluid using the “Stair Primers” PCR method: a prospective study of 93 patients. J Med Virol. 2002;66(4):506-11.) |
2002 |
France |
Use a multiplex PCR to detect herpes viruses in tears from normal subjects and from patients with pathological conditions |
Descriptive Quantitative Observational Study |
12(5252 Leong HN, Chan KP, Khan AS, Oon L, Se-Thoe SY, Bai XL, et al. Virus-specific RNA and antibody from convalescent-phase SARS patients discharged from hospital. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10(10):1745-50.) |
2004 |
Singapore |
Determine the prevalence of virus in bodily excretions, and time of seroconversion in discharged patients with SARS |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
13(2323 Mendes RM, Nogueira ML, Marques JT, Pereira MV, Machado MA, Cunha AS, et al. A rapid polymerase chain reaction protocol to detect adenovirus in eye swabs. Arq Bras Oftalmol. 2004;67(3):423-7.) |
2004 |
Brazil |
Develop a rapid protocol to detect AdV in eye swab |
Descriptive Quantitative Observational Study |
14(2424 Kaye SB, Llyod M, Williams H, Yuen C, Scott JA, O’Donnell N, et al. Evidence for persistence of adenovirus in the tear film a decade following conjunctivitis. J Med Virol. 2005;77(2):227-31.) |
2005 |
UK |
Determine if AdV persists on the ocular surface following adenoviral conjunctivitis |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
15(2525 Miura-Ochiai R, Shimada Y, Konno T, Yamazaki S, Aoki K, Ohno S, et al. Quantitative detection and rapid identification of human adenoviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(3):958-67.) |
2007 |
Japan |
Establish a method of quantitative detection and rapid identification of AdV |
Observational Quantitative Study |
16(2626 Woo PC, Lao SK, Choi GK, Fung HT, Shek KC, Miao J, et al. Resequencing microarray for detection of human adenoviruses in patients with conjunctivitis. J Clin Virol. 2010;47(3):282-5. Comment in: J Clin Virol. 2010;47(3):387.) |
2010 |
China |
Test if high-density resequencing microarray can be applied to detection of viruses in conjunctival swabs for patients with conjunctivitis |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
17(3333 Morishige N, Yamada N, Morita Y, Nakamura Y, Nishida T, Sonoda KH. Detection of ICP0 protein in tear fluid of individuals with active herpetic epithelial keratitis. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2011;55(6):591-4.) |
2011 |
Japan |
Investigate if ICP0 of HSV-1 is detectable in the tear fluid of patients with HEK |
Observational Quantitative Study |
18(3434 Lee SY, Kim MJ, Kim MK, Wee WR. Comparative analysis of polymerase chain reaction assay for herpes simplex virus 1 detection in tear. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2013;27(5):316-21.) |
2013 |
Korea |
Analyze the methodological efficacy of the PCR assay for HSV-1 detection in tears |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
19(2727 Moore C, Gatica L, Jones T, Mathews P, Watkins J, Tyson L, et al. Collect, boil and amplify - a simple approach for the detection of three common viruses associated with epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctivitis and dendritic ulcers. J Virol Methods. 2013;189(1):238-41.) |
2013 |
UK |
Validate and introduce a simple boil extraction on dry swabs followed by amplification and realtime detection using “in-house” assays for HSV and AdV with RNaseP as an internal control |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
20(3535 Barrado L, Suarez MJ, Pérez-Blázquez E, Otero JR, Folgueira MD. Could polymerase chain reaction test on conjunctival swabs be useful to diagnose herpetic keratitis? Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014;32(1):28-30.) |
2014 |
Spain |
Evaluate the usefulness of PCR as a rapid diagnostic method compared with the viral culture, and to assess if conjunctival swabs samples were equivalent to corneal scrapings to diagnose of HK |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
21(2828 Kam KY, Ong HS, Bunce C, Ogunbowale L, Verma S. Sensitivity and specificity of the AdenoPlus point-of-care system in detecting adenovirus in conjunctivitis patients at an ophthalmic emergency department: a diagnostic accuracy study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2015;99(9):1186-9.) |
2015 |
UK |
Estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the AdenoPlus point-of-care AdV test compared to PCR |
Prospective Diagnostic Accuracy Study |
22(3636 Shoji J, Sakimoto T, Inada N, Kamei Y, Matsubara M, Takamura E, et al. A diagnostic method for herpes simplex keratitis by simultaneous measurement of viral DNA and virus-specific secretory IgA in tears: an evaluation. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2016;60(4):294-301.) |
2016 |
Japan |
Investigate diagnostic efficacy of PCR and ELISA for HSV in tears |
Nonrandomized Prospective Cross-Sectional Study |
23(2929 Gopalkrishna V, Ganorkar NN, Patil PR. Identification and molecular characterization of adenovirus types (HAdV-8, HAdV-37, HAdV-4, HAdV-3) in a epidemic of keratoconjunctivitis occurred in Pune, Maharashtra, Western India. J Med Virol. 2016;88(12):2100-5.) |
2016 |
India |
Identify and characterize the viral etiological agents associated with keratoconjunctivitis |
Retrospective Observational Study |
24(4949 Green E, Hunt L, Ross JC, Nissen NM, Curran T, Badhan A, et al. Viraemia and Ebola virus secretion in survivors of Ebola virus disease in Sierra Leone: a cross-sectional cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(9):1052-6.) |
2016 |
UK |
Report EBO virus RT-PCR data for body site and fluid samples from a large cohort of EBO virus survivors at clinic follow-up |
Cross-Sectional Observational Study |
25(5151 Tan JJ, Balne PK, Leo YS, Tong L, Ng LF, Agrawal R. Persistence of Zika virus in conjunctival fluid of convalescence patients. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11194.) |
2017 |
Singapore |
Check if Zika virus could be detected in human tears after the first week of infection |
Descriptive Observational Study |
26(5050 Chalkia AK, Derdas S, Bontzos G, Sourvinos G, Detorakis ET. Non-invasive detection of HPV DNA in exfoliative samples from ophthalmic pterygium: a feasibility study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2018;256(1):193-8.) |
2018 |
Germany |
Evaluate a non-invasive detection method for HPV in ophthalmic pterygia |
Observational Prospective Case Control Study |
27(3737 Brunner M, Somerville T, Corless CE, Myneni J, Rajhbeharrysingh T, Tiew S, et al. Use of a corneal impression membrane and PCR for the detection of herpes simplex virus type-1. J Med Microbiol. 2019;68(9):1324-9.) |
2019 |
UK |
Investigate the use of a corneal impression membrane for the detection of HSV-1 |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
28(3939 Chen L, Liu M, Zhang Z, Qiao K, Huang T, Chen M, et al. Ocular manifestations of a hospitalized patient with confirmed 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(6):748-51. Comment in: Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(6):741.) |
2020 |
China |
Report the ocular characteristics and the presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV- 2 in conjunctival swab specimens in a patient with confirmed Covid-19 |
Prospective Observational Case Study |
29(3838 Hu Y, Chen T, Liu M, Zang L, Wang F, Zhao S, et al. Positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 combined HSV1 and HHV6B virus nucleic acid in tear and conjunctival secretions of a non-conjunctivitis COVID-19 patient with obstruction of common lacrimal duct. Acta Ophthalmol. 2020;98(8):859-63.) |
2020 |
China |
Detect SARS-CoV-2 in eye sample of one Covid-19 patient with obstruction of common lacrimal ducts |
Prospective Observational Study |
30(4040 Kumar K, Prakash AA, Gangasagara SB, Rathod S, Ravi K, Rangaiah S, et al. Presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of COVID-19 patients. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(6):1015-7. Comment in: Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(6):1018-9.) |
2020 |
India |
Detect the presence of viral RNA of SARS-CoV-2 in conjunctival swab specimens of Covid-19 patients |
Experimental Quantitative Study |
31(4141 Zhang X, Chen X, Chen L, Deng C, Zou X, Liu W, et al. The evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection on ocular surface. Ocul Surf. 2020;18(3):360-2. Comment in: Travel Med Infect Dis. 2021;39:101955. Comment on: JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-9.) |
2020 |
China |
Describe the clinical spectrum of ocular symptoms and laboratory test in conjunctival swab samples |
Cross-Sectional Study |
32(4242 Cheema M, Aghazadeh H, Nazarali S, Ting A, Hodges J, McFarlane A, et al. Keratoconjunctivitis as the initial medical presentation of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Can J Ophthalmol. 2020;55(4):e125-e129. Comment in: Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2020;27(1):1-3.) |
2020 |
Canada |
Present a case of Covid-19 with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis |
Descriptive Observational Case Study |
33(4444 Willcox MD, Walsh K, Nichols JJ, Morgan PB, Jones LW. The ocular surface, coronaviruses and COVID-19. Clin Exp Optom. 2020; 103(4):418-24.) |
2020 |
USA |
Understand evidence about SARS-CoV-2 and ocular infection |
Narrative Review |
34(4545 Xie HT, Jiang SY, Xu KK, Liu X, Xu B, Wang L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 in the ocular surface of COVID-19 patients. Eye Vis (Lond). 2020;7:23.) |
2020 |
China |
Detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in conjunctival swabs |
Retrospective Observational Study |
35(4646 Navel V, Chiambarretta F, Dutheil F. Haemorrhagic conjunctivitis with pseudomembranous related to SARS-CoV-2. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;19:100735.) |
2020 |
France |
Describe the multiplicity of ocular manifestations of Covid-19 patients |
Descriptive Observational Study |
36(4343 Güemes-Villahoz N, Burgos-Blasco B, Vilela AA, Arriola-Villalobos P, Rico-Luna CM, Cuiña-Sardiña R, et al. Detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in conjunctival secretions: is it a valuable diagnostic method of COVID-19?. J Med Virol. 2021;93(1):383-8.) |
2021 |
Spain |
Evaluate the presence SARS-CoV-2 RNA in conjunctival swabs of Covid-19 patients |
Cross-Sectional Study |