Stage 1 |
EAFD, LKW characteriz-ation |
Granulometry by laser diffraction |
µm |
Samples were pre-dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC for 4 hours. |
Equipment: Particle Analyzer Microtrac - S3500. |
The wet analysis was conducted using isopropyl alcohol (LKW) and water (EAFD) as solvent, one drop of surfactant at 25% (EAFD), 50% (LKW) and ultrasound time of approximately 10s. The refractive index used for samples was 1.52 (LKW) and 1.81 (EAFD). |
Moisture |
% |
Samples were dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC. |
Equipment: Bel. |
Loss on ignition |
% |
Samples were pre-dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC for 4 hours and subjected to temperatures between 525 ºC and 950 ºC in a laboratory kiln. Mass loss was measured in both processes. |
Standard: CEMP 120 (ABIFA, 2003ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE FUNDIÇÃO. CEMP (Comissão de Estudos de Matérias Primas) n° 120: Materiais para Fundição: determinação da perda ao fogo. São Paulo: ABIFA, 2003.). |
Specific mass |
g/cm³ |
Samples were pre-dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC for 4 hours. |
Equipment: Pycnometer Micromeritics, AccuPyc II 1340. |
Samples were pre-dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC for 4 hours. |
Equipment: Micromeritics, TriStar II Plus. |
Specific surface area - nitrogen adsorption (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller - BET) |
(m²/g) |
Vacuum-degassed (350 ºC - EAFD and 200 ºC - LKW) for 24 hours. For each sample, 20 adsorption points were analyzed. |
Optical emission spectrometry by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES) - Elementary Chemical Composition |
% |
Samples were broken down by microwave equipment following EPA Method 3015a (EPA, 2007) with either nitric acid (HNO3) or a combination of nitric acid (HNO3) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). |
Equipment: Microwave Titan MPS, Perkin Elmer |
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) |
|
Samples were pre-dried in an oven at 105 ± 5 ºC for 4 hours and ground in an agate mortar and pestle to yield grains with a granulometry of less than 44 μm. |
Equipment: Diffractometer PANalytical, Empyrean, with fixed anode tube of Cu, operating at 45 kV and 40 mA. |
Ranges: 10º to 90º 2θ for LKW and 10º to 70º 2θ for EAFD, step 0.013º 2θ at 51.5s (detector in linear mode). |
Without monochromator and with fixed slots: divergent slot: 1/4°; incident anti-scatter crack: 1°; mask: 20 mm, diffracted anti-scatter crack: 17.8 mm, angular range collected by linear detector: 6.34°. |
Method of Rietveld |
% |
Software MAUD (Material Analysis Using Diffraction). |
Sta-ge 2 |
Cement pastes’ formulation |
Normal consistency |
% |
Standard: NBR 16606 (ABNT, 2018aASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS. NBR 16606: cimento Portland: determinação da pasta de consistência normal. Rio de Janeiro, 2018a.). |
Stage 3 |
Evaluation of the properties of cement pastes |
Setting time |
Min |
Standard: Vicat apparatus following NBR 16607 procedures (ABNT, 2018b). |
Evolution of semi-adiabatic temperature |
ºC |
Equipment: Chamber with semi-adiabatic thermal insulation. |
X-ray Diffraction (XRD) |
% |
Equipment: Diffractometer PANalytical, Empyrean, with fixed anode tube of Cu, operating at 45 kV and 40 mA. Ranges: 10º a 70º 2θ step. |
Rietveld Method |
% |
Software MAUD (Material Analysis Using Diffraction). |