Piekartz, Hall., 2013(2121. Piekartz HV, Hall T. Orofacial manual therapy improves cervical movement impairment associated with headache and features of temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial. Man Ther. 2013;18(4):345-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.12.005
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2012.12.0...
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Orofacial manual therapy improves cervical movement impairment associated with headache and features of temporomandibular dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial
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43 individuals: 21 in the usual care group and 22 in the orofacial care group |
18-65 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To determine whether the orofacial treatment associated with manual therapy contributes to the treatment, mainly with regard to cervical mobility. |
Manual cervical therapy, regular physiotherapy, and orofacial treatment; six sessions of 30 minutes were held for both groups. Patients were instructed to perform the exercises at home. In the orofacial care group, maneuvers were carried out to eliminate tension, and regular therapy was used. |
The combination of orofacial treatment and cervical therapy showed better results, with improvement of cervical mobility. |
Ariji et al., 2014(2222. Ariji Y, Nakayama M, Nishiyama W, Ogi N, Sakuma S, Katsumata A et al. Potential clinical application of masseter and temporal muscle massage treatment using an oral rehabilitation robot in temporomandibular disorder patients with myofascial pain. Cranio. 2014;33(4):256-62. https://doi.org/10.1179/2151090314Y.0000000030
https://doi.org/10.1179/2151090314Y.0000...
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Potential clinical application of masseter and temporal muscle massage treatment using an oral rehabilitation robot in temporomandibular disorder patients with myofascial pain
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41 subjects received massage. |
19-83 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To investigate the safety and efficacy of treatment with robot massage of the masseter and temporal muscles |
Therapeutic robot massage: patient in a reclined chair, pressure of 10 N on average, with a total time of 16 minutes of massage. Six sessions were held in total, every 2 weeks. |
The study confirmed that massage treatment using an oral rehabilitation robot was safe. The massage treatment was effective in reducing pain in 70.3% of the patients. |
Ucar et al., 2014(2323. Ucar M, Sarp U, Koca I, Eroglu S, Yetisgin A, Tutoglu A et at. Effectiveness of a home exercise program in combination with ultrasound therapy for temporomandibular joint disorders. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(12):1847-9. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1847
https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1847...
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Effectiveness of a home exercise program in combination with ultrasound therapy for temporomandibular joint disorders
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18 individuals were placed in the exercise group, while 20 underwent a combination of exercises and ultrasound |
29-40 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To compare the effectiveness of exercise alone with that of exercise plus ultrasound for reducing pain on palpation and during oral aperture |
Exercises performed twice a day for 4 weeks; the adopted exercises involved reducing muscle activity, passive mandibular movement, and isometric and counterresistance exercises (performed for six seconds with at least repetitions). One of the groups was subjected to ultrasound five times a week for 4 weeks, with 3 minutes of implementation within the region of the TMJ and the masticatory muscles. |
The combination of home exercise and ultrasound appeared to be more effective in relieving pain and increasing oral opening. |
Gomes, El Hage, Amaral e Politti, 2014(2424. Gomes CAFP, El Hage Y, Amaral AP, Politti F, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA. Effects of massage therapy and occlusal splint therapy on electromyographic activity and the intensity of signs and symptoms in individuals with temporomandibular disorder and sleep bruxism: a randomized clinical trial. Chiropr Man Therap.. 2014;22(1):43. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-014-0043-6
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12998-014-0043-...
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Effects of massage therapy and occlusal splint therapy on electromyographic activity and the intensity of signs and symptoms in individuals with temporomandibular disorder and sleep bruxism: a randomized clinical trial
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60 volunteers divided into four groups: massage group—15 subjects; occlusal splint group—15 subjects; group with traditional occlusal splint + massage—15 subjects; group with silicone splint—15 subjects |
18-40 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To investigate the effects of massage therapy, therapy with a traditional occlusal splint, and that with silicon splint on the electromyographic activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles in patients with TMD and bruxism. |
Massage group: 30-minute massages of the masseter and temporal muscles for 12 sessions over 3 weeks; Occlusal splint group: 4 weeks of traditional occlusal splint use during the night; Massage plus occlusal splint group: combination of the treatments of the previous groups; Silicone splint group: 3-mm polyvinyl splint |
Therapeutic massage and the use of occlusal splint did not significantly influence the electromyographic activity of the masseter and anterior temporal muscles when used individually. The combination of therapies led to a reduction in the intensity of signs and symptoms. |
Kraaijenga et al.,2014(2525. Kraaijenga S, Molen, Tinteren H, Hilgers F, Smeele L. Treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorder: a prospective randomized clinical trial, comparing a mechanical stretching device (TheraBite®) with standard physical therapy exercise. Cranio. 2014;32(3):208-16. https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.00000000016
https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.0000...
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Treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorder: a prospective randomized clinical trial, comparing a mechanical stretching device (TheraBite®) with standard physical therapy exercise
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10 individuals in the experimental group and seven in the default group |
17-73 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To investigate whether passive movement of mandible using the TheraBite® device produces better results than traditional therapy in terms of improving TMD |
Traditional therapy: guidance on mandibular operation, relaxed oral opening, tongue and cervical position, parafunctional habits, and exercises comprising masticatory muscle massage, strength and co-ordination exercises (four sessions of 30 minutes, five times a day, at home); Use of the TheraBite®: a guided oral opening session conducted for 30 seconds with five repetitions, five times a day |
Both treatment modalities were equally effective in relieving the symptoms of myogenic TMD. The use of the TheraBite® device resulted in significantly greater functional improvement in the first week of treatment. |
Navrátil et al.,2014(2626. Navrátil L, Navratil V, Hajkova S, Hlinakova P, Dostalova T, Vranová J. Comprehensive treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders. Cranio. 2014;32(1):24-30. https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.0000000002
https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.0000...
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Comprehensive treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders
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24 patients undergoing TMD treatment |
14-38 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To evaluate the benefits of physiotherapy and to verify the reduction in temporomandibular alterations |
Relaxation, mobilization, distraction, and self-mobilization exercises to improve the cognitive and motor abilities of patients; explanation of the relationship between masticatory musculature and facial movements, mandible muscle relaxation, practice of the exercises at home; Complementary methods: magnetic pulses, non-invasive laser therapy, thermotherapy, and guidance on TMDs and parafunctional habits |
Long-term therapy, including physiotherapy and complementary methods, is important. As for the invasive methods, the combination of magnetic pulse with laser proved beneficial. |
Godoy et al., 2015(2727. Godoy CHL, Motta LJ, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferraro RA, Deana AM, Bussadori SK. Effect of low-level laser therapy on adolescents with temporomandibular disorder: a blind randomized controlled pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;73(4):622-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.09.018
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.09.0...
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Effect of low-level laser therapy on adolescents with temporomandibular disorder: a blind randomized controlled pilot study
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Five individuals in the group undergoing laser therapy and four in the placebo group |
14-23 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To evaluate the effect of laser therapy on pain, mandibular movements, and occlusal contacts |
Group subjected to laser therapy: two sessions a week for 6 weeks, with three points of application on the masseter and one on the temporal region Placebo group: the appliance was disconnected and a recording of the sounds emitted by the appliance was reproduced. |
There was no difference between the treatments. |
Oliveira et al., 2015(2828. Oliveira LB, Lopes TS, Soares C, Maluf R, Goes BT, Sa NK et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: a blind randomised-controlled trial. J Oral Rehabil.. 2015;42(10):723-32. 1 https://doi.org/0.1111/joor.12300
https://doi.org/0.1111/joor.12300...
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Transcranial direct current stimulation and exercises for treatment of chronic temporomandibular disorders: a blind randomized-controlled trial
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16 individuals in the active group— transcranial stimulation and exercise 16 in the control group—exercises and placebo transcranial stimulation |
18-40 years |
Both |
TMD and pain |
To evaluate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the exercises for TMD and chronic pain |
Four weeks of exercises were undertaken for 5 consecutive days in the first week: 15 minutes followed by 20 minutes of transcranial stimulation. Subsequently, the patients performed therapeutic sessions twice a week for 3 weeks, with only exercises and stimulation. The exercises involved the cervical region, the face, the oral opening, lateral movements and protrusion of the mandible, contraction of the masseter, and manual manipulation of the neck and TMJ. |
There was no difference when the tDCS was added to the therapy. |
Packer et al., 2015(2525. Kraaijenga S, Molen, Tinteren H, Hilgers F, Smeele L. Treatment of myogenic temporomandibular disorder: a prospective randomized clinical trial, comparing a mechanical stretching device (TheraBite®) with standard physical therapy exercise. Cranio. 2014;32(3):208-16. https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.00000000016
https://doi.org/10.1179/0886963413Z.0000...
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Effect of upper thoracic manipulation on mouth opening and electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in women with temporomandibular disorder: a randomized clinical trial
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16 individuals in the experimental group and 16 in the placebo group |
18-40 years |
Female |
TMD and pain |
To evaluate the effect of upper thoracic manipulation on the oral vertical opening and on the electromyographic activity of the masticatory muscles in women with TMD |
Thoracic manipulation was performed at T1 and T2, with joint decompression. The patients were monitored before, as well as on the 2nd and 4th days after recovery. The placebo group received no traction manipulation. |
No differences were found between treatments. |