Armato et al.(88 Armato E, Ferri E, Pinzani A, Ulmer E. Cerebellar haemorrhage mimicking acute peripheral vestibulopathy: the role of the video head impulse test in differential diagnosis. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2014;34(4):288-91. PMid:25210225.)
|
Cerebellar stroke |
Vertigo and nausea |
VOR gains within normality standards in both ears |
Presence of horizontal spontaneous nystagmus to the left side |
Barona-Lleo et al.(99 Barona-Lleo L, Zulueta-Santos C, Murie-Fernandez M, Pérez-Fernández N. Recent onset disequilibrium mimicking acute vestibulopathy in early multiple sclerosis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2014;35(4):529-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2014.03.012. PMid:24746632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2014....
)
|
Multiple sclerosis |
Body imbalance and nausea |
Reduced VOR gain for all SCC only to the RE (AL: 1.15º/s, LL 0.98º/s, PL: 0.96º/s, AR: 0.24º/s, LR: 0.67º/s, PR: 0.27º/s) |
Presence of upbeat and downbeat vertical spontaneous nystagmus |
Presence of covert and overt catch-up saccades in all SCC in the RE |
Asymmetry between all synergistic pairs of the SCC (A: 79%, L: 32%, P: 72%) |
Results were normalized after drug treatment of multiple sclerosis (AL: 0.92º/s, LL 0.92º/s, PL: 0.94º/s, AR: 0.93º/s, LR: 1.04º/s, PR: 0.83/s) |
Garg et al.(1010 Garg H, Dibble LE, Schubert MC, Sibthorp J, Foreman KB, Gappmaier E. Gaze stability, dynamic balance and participation deficits in people with multiple sclerosis at fall-risk. Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2018;301(11):1852-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23852. PMid:29729209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.23852...
)
|
Multiple sclerosis |
Missing information |
Reduced VOR gain |
Absence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus |
Presence of corrective saccades |
Goldschagg et al.(1111 Goldschagg N, Bremova-Ertl T, Bardins S, Dinca N, Feil K, Krafczyk S, et al. No evidence of a contribution of the vestibular system to frequent falls in progressive supranuclear palsy. J Clin Neurol. 2019;15(3):339-46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3.339. PMid:31286706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3....
)
|
Progressive supranuclear palsy |
Absent |
The vHIT was performed only in the lateral SCC |
Absence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus |
VOR gains within normality standards in both ears of all patients |
Guler et al.(1212 Guler A, Karbek Akarca F, Eraslan C, Tarhan C, Bilgen C, Kirazli T, et al. Clinical and video head impulse test in the diagnosis of posterior circulation stroke presenting as acute vestibular syndrome in the emergency department. J Vestib Res. 2017;27(4):233-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/VES-170620. PMid:29081427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/VES-170620...
)
|
Cerebellar stroke |
Dizziness, nystagmus, and nausea |
Reduced VOR in both ears related to anterior inferior cerebellar artery effusion |
Unidirectional spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus were present in nine and six patients, respectively |
Normal VOR gain related to posterior inferior cerebellar artery effusion |
Presence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus |
Hougaard et al.(1313 Kang KW, Lee C, Kim SH, Cho HH, Lee SH. Bilateral vestibulopathy documented by video head impulse tests in superficial siderosis. Otol Neurotol. 2015;36(10):1683-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000865. PMid:26440725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000...
)
|
Mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke |
Dizziness |
Reduced VOR gain in two anterior, nine lateral and six posterior SCC of seven patients (vHIT not performed in one patient) 1: AL: 0.77º/s, LL: 0.54º/s, PL: 0.77º/s, AR: 0.99º/s, LR: 0.54º/s, PR: 0.48º/s A: 0.88 L: 0.54 P: 0.62 2: AL: 0.64º/s, LL: 0.74º/s, PL: 0.51º/s, AR: 0.77º/s, LR: 0.68º/s, PR: 0.39º/s A: 0.70 L: 0.71 P: 0.45 3: AL: 1.03º/s, LL: 0.77º/s, PL: 0.95º/s, AR: 1.42º/s, LR: 0.77º/s, PR: 1.09º/s A: 1.22 L: 0.77 P: 1.02 4: AL: 1.07º/s, LL: 0.83º/s, PL: 0.83º/s, AR: 0.86º/s, LR: 0.65º/s, PR: 0.65º/s A: 0.96 L: 0.74 P: 0.74 5: AL: 0.09º/s, LL: 0.07º/s, PL: 1.17º/s, AR: 1.32º/s, LR: 0.13º/s, PR: 0.38º/s A: 0.70 L: 0.10 P: 0.77 6: AL: 0.88º/s, LL: 1.01º/s, PL: 1.24º/s, AR: 1.19º/s, LR: 1.04º/s, PR: 1.27º/s A: 1.03 L: 1.02 P: 1.25 7: AL: 0.79º/s, LL: 0.81º/s, PL: 1.33º/s, AR: 1.08º/s, LR: 0.56º/s, PR: 0.68º/s A: 0.93; L: 0.68; P: 1.00 Overall average: A: 0.95; L: 0.65; P: 0.83 Presence of covert and overt saccades in eight lateral and two posterior SCC and only of overt saccades in two anterior SCC |
NP |
Kang et al.(1414 Hougaard DD, Hestoy DH, Hojland AT, Gailhede M, Petersen MB. Audiological and vestibular findings in subjects with melas syndrome. J Int Adv Otol. 2019;15(2):296-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2019.5913. PMid:31347509. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2019.5913...
)
|
Superficial siderosis of the CNS |
Oscillopsia |
Reduced VOR in all SCC in both ears (AL: 0.62º/s, LL: 0.61º/s, PL: 0.36º/s, AR: 0.56º/s, LR: 0.49º/s, PR: 0.55º/s) Overall average: A: 0.59; L: 0.55; P: 0.45 Presence of covert and overt saccades in the anterior SCC and only overt saccades in the lateral and posterior SCC |
Absence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus Saccadic pursuit within normality standards |
Luis et al.(1515 Luis L, Costa J, Muñoz E, de Carvalho M, Carmona S, Schneider E, et al. Vestibulo-ocular reflex dynamics withhead-impulses discriminates spinocerebellar ataxias types 1, 2 and 3 and Friedreich ataxia. J Vestib Res. 2016;26(3):327-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/VES-160579. PMid:27392837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/VES-160579...
)
|
Spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 2 and 3 and FA |
Missing information |
Reduced VOR gain VOR latency was higher in patients with FA and SA3 than in the controls Presence of covert saccades in patients with SA3 and overt saccades in all patients |
NP |
Lv et al.(1616 Lv W, Guan Q, Hu X, Chen J, Jiang H, Zhang L, et al. Vestibulo-ocular reflex abnormality in Parkinson’s disease detected by video head impulse test. Neurosci Lett. 2017;657:211-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.021. PMid:28807728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2017....
)
|
Parkinson’s disease |
Absence of symptoms |
VOR gain within normality standards in all SCC in both ears VOR gains significantly greater compared with those of the control group Presence of covert and overt saccades |
NP |
Mantokoudis et al.(1717 Mantokoudis G, Saber Tehrani AS, Wozniak A, Eibenberger K, Kattah JC, Guede CI, et al. VOR gain by head impulse video-oculography differentiates acute vestibular neuritis from stroke. Otol Neurotol. 2014;36(3):457-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000638. PMid:25321888. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000...
)
|
Cerebellar stroke |
Dizziness |
VOR gains within normality standards in both ears |
Presence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus Positive vertical skew deviation |
Mohamad et al.(1818 Mohamad A, El-Ebrahimy D. Wernicke’s encephalopathy, a curable cause of acute bilateral vestibulopathy. Glob J Otolaryngol. 2018;15(3):1-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/GJO.2018.15.555913. http://dx.doi.org/10.19080/GJO.2018.15.5...
)
|
de Wernicke encephalopathy |
Dizziness, nausea, and vomiting |
Reduced VOR gain only in the lateral SCC in both ears (LL: 0.35º/s and LR: 0.42º/s) Presence of covert and overt saccades in the anterior and posterior SCC During drug treatment, there was a marked improvement in VOR gain bilaterally (LL: 0.60º/s and LR: 0.76º/s), although still below the normality standard; in addition, saccades and spontaneous nystagmus disappeared |
Presence of horizontal spontaneous nystagmus to the right side |
Moreno-Ajona et al.(1919 Moreno-Ajona D, Álvarez-Gómez L, Manrique-Huarte R, Rivas E, Martínez-Vila E, Pérez-Fernández N. VEMPs and Dysautonomia Assessment in Definite Cerebellar Ataxia, Neuropathy, Vestibular Areflexia Syndrome (CANVAS): a Case Series Study. Cerebellum. 2021 Out;20(5):717-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-019-01061-1. PMid:31414248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12311-019-010...
)
|
CANVAS |
Missing information |
Reduced VOR gain in all SCC in both ears of all five patients 1: AL: 0.31º/s, LL: 0.38º/s, PL: 0.36º/s, AR: 0.50º/s, LR: 0.22º/s, PR: 0.34º/s A: 0.40 L: 0.30 P: 0.35 2: AL: 0.20º/s, LL: 0.59º/s, PL: 0.32º/s, AR: 0.59º/s, LR: 0.60º/s, PR: 0.10º/s A: 0.39 L: 0.59 P: 0.21 3: AL: 0.28º/s, LL: 0.45º/s, PL: 0.46º/s, AR: 0.56º/s, LR: 0.36º/s, PR: 0.32º/s A: 0.42 L: 0.40 P: 0.39 4: AL: 0.29º/s, AR: 0.39º/s, LL: 0.44º/s, LR: 0.30, PL: 0.05º/s, PR: 0.23º/s A: 0.34 L: 0.37 P: 0.14 5: AL: 0.56º/s, AR: 0.57º/s, LL: 0.41º/s, LR: 0.52º/s, PL: 0.37º/s, PR: 0.39º/s A: 0.56; L: 0.46; P: 0.38 Overall average: A: 0.42; L: 0.42; P: 0.29 Presence of covert and overt saccades |
Presence of downbeat vertical spontaneous nystagmus and semi-spontaneous nystagmus Altered VVOR in all patients Normal VORS in all patients |
Pavlovića et al.(2020 Pavlović I, Ruška B, Pavičić T, Krbot Skorić M, Crnošija L, Adamec I, et al. Video head impulse test can detect brainstem dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;14:68-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.04.001. PMid:28619435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2017.0...
)
|
Multiple sclerosis |
Missing information |
Reduced VOR gain in lateral and posterior SCC Presence of covert and overt saccades in all SCC |
NP |
Takeda et al.(2121 Takeda T, Kawashima Y, Hirai C, Makabe A, Ito T, Fujikawa T, et al. Vestibular dysfunction in patients with superficial siderosis of the central nervous system. Otol Neurotol. 2018;39(6):e468-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000001844. PMid:29889788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000...
)
|
Superficial siderosis of the CNS |
Body imbalance |
The vHIT was performed only in lateral SCC Reduced VOR gain in both ears in six patients (four patients did not undergo the tests) Average value of SCC in the LE and RE, respectively: 1: 0.20º/s and 0.30º/s |
Altered VORS Altered saccadic pursuit |
2: 0.13º/s and 0.18º/s |
3: 0.34º/s and 0.32º/s |
4: 0.44º/s and 0.11º/s |
5: 0.64º/s and 0.49º/s |
6: 0.42º/s and 0.30º/s |
Presence of covert and overt saccades bilaterally in two patients and one ear in three patients |
Taki et al.(2222 Taki M, Nakamura T, Matsuura H, Hasegawa T, Sakaguchi H, Morita K, et al. Cerebellar ataxia with neuropathy and vestibular arreflexia syndrome (canvas). Auris Nasus Larynx. 2018;45(4):866-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2017.10.008. PMid:29089158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2017.10....
)
|
CANVAS |
Body imbalance and dizziness |
Reduced VOR gain in all SCC in both ears Mean SCC: LE: 0.10º/s RE: 0.12º/s Presence of covert and overt saccades bilaterally in two patients |
Altered VVOR Presence of semi-spontaneous nystagmus on both sides |
Volgger et al.(2323 Volgger V, Gurkov R. Acute vestibular syndrome in cerebellar stroke: a case report and review of the literature. HNO. 2017;65(2, Suppl 2):149-52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-016-0315-7. PMid:28271170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-016-031...
)
|
Cerebellar stroke |
Body imbalance and dizziness |
VOR gains within normality standards in the RE Reduced VOR gain in all SCC in the LE, with a mean gain of 0.75 º/s in all SCC Presence of overt saccades in the LE |
Presence of spontaneous nystagmus with a rotational component to the right side, originated by the head-shaking test in the same direction, more intense than spontaneous nystagmus Normal skew deviation test results |
Yacovino et al.(2424 Yacovino DA, Zanotti E, Hain TC. Is cerebellar ataxia, neuropathy, and vestibular arreflexia syndrome (canvas) a vestibular ganglionopathy? J Int Adv Otol. 2019;15(2):304-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2019.7068. PMid:31418719. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2019.7068...
)
|
CANVAS |
Body imbalance and dizziness |
Reduced VOR gain in all SCC bilaterally in all five patients 1: AL: 0.28º/s, AR: 0.21º/s, LL: 0.14º/s, LR: 0.19º/s, PL: 0.26º/s, PR: 0.18º/s A: 0.24; L: 0.16; P: 0.22 2: AL: 0.09º/s, AR: 0.12º/s, LL: 0.15º/s, LR: 0.14º/s, PL: 0.26º/s, PR: 0.14º/s A: 0.10; L: 0.14; P: 0.20 3: AL: 0.11º/s, AR: 0.63º/s, LL: 0.07º/s, LR: 0.10º/s, PL: 0.56º/s, PR: 0.11º/s A: 0.37; L: 0.08; P: 0.33 4: AL: 0.24º/s, AR: 0.37º/s, LL: 0.08º/s, LR: 0.08º/s, PL: 0.46º/s, PR: 0.27º/s A: 0.30; L: 0.08; P: 0.36 5: AL: 0.66º/s, AR: 0.50º/s, LL: 0.43º/s, LR: 0.51º/s, PL: 0.30º/s, PR: 0.39º/s A: 0.58; L: 0.47; P: 0.34 Overall average: A: 0.31; L: 0.18; P: 0.29 Presence of covert and overt saccades bilaterally in all SCC |
Presence of downbeat vertical spontaneous nystagmus in four patients and of semi-spontaneous nystagmus in two patients |
Altered VVOR |
Normal VORS |
Zuma and Maia et al.(2525 Zuma e Maia F, Luis L. Inferior peduncle lesion presenting with bilaterally impaired vestibular responses to horizontal and posterior head impulses. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(10):2386-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.25306. PMid:25892405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.25306...
)
|
Left inferior cerebellar peduncle glioma |
Missing information |
Reduced VOR gains the lateral (LR: 0.38 and LL: 0.29) and posterior (PR: 0.49 and PL: 0.38) SCC in both ears Presence of covert and overt saccades in the lateral and posterior SCC in both ears |
Absence of spontaneous and semi-spontaneous nystagmus Saccadic pursuit within normality standards |