Gupta et al.1414 Gupta N, Singla P, Pradhan B, Gurung U. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: case report and review of literature with a new grading system to optimize treatment. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019;33(3):283-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.05.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.0...
|
1 |
Rt medial canthal swelling extending nasal bridge |
Present |
LS, NLD & Nose |
Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy |
6 |
NM |
PVP-I 2 minutes |
Suneer and Sivasankari 1515 Suneer R, Sivasankari L. Clinical profile of rhinosporidiosis in a tertiary care centre of an endemic area. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;4(3):659-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20181382. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-592...
|
2 |
NM |
Nil |
LS & NLD |
NM |
NM |
NM |
NM |
Prabhu et al.1616 Prabhu MS, Irodi A, Khiangte HL, Rupa V, Naina P. Imaging features of rhinosporidiosis on contrast CT. Indian J Radiol Imaging. 2013;23(3):212-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.120267. PMid:24347850. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0971-3026.1202...
|
4 |
NM |
NM |
LS, NLD & N |
LS was excised, pink vacuolization polypoidal growth |
NM |
NM |
NM |
Rajesh Raju and Sandeep1717 Rajesh Raju G, Sandeep S. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis and surgical management by transnasal endoscopic excision: a case series. Laryngoscope. 2018;128(12):2693-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.27322. PMid:30194840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lary.27322...
|
13 |
Swelling over LS area, Blood stained nasal discharge |
in 2 cases |
LS, NLD & N |
Endoscopic DCR with NLD excision |
16 |
1/13 |
NM |
Girish and Prathima1818 Girish N, Prathima. Rhinosporidiosis of lacrimal sac: a case report. Int Clin Pathol J. 2017;4(4):85-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2017.04.00099. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2017.04...
|
1 |
Diffuse nontender infra orbital swelling of the left eye |
Intermittent |
NM |
DCT with “en bloc” resection of NLD. |
NM |
NM |
DDS100 mg OD for 3 months |
Chakraborti et al.1919 Chakraborti C, Barua N, Chishti RK, Kumar S. A rare case of lacrimal sac diverticulum associated with rhinosporidiosis. J Clin Ophthalmol Res. 2017;5:97-9. |
1 |
Painless swelling of left lower eyelid |
Nil |
LS |
orbitotomy - sub ciliary approach, diverticula were removed leaving sac behind. Recurred with fistula |
12 |
Noted after 12 months |
PVP-I +Amocla |
Jamison et al.2020 Jamison A, Crofts K, Roberts F, Gregory ME. Educational report: a case of lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis. Orbit. 2016;35(5):254-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2016.1193529. PMid:27541939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01676830.2016....
|
1 |
Swelling at nasal aspect of left lower lid. |
Nil |
LS, NLD & N |
Gelatinous lesion attached to superior wall of lacrimal sac extending into NLD. |
5 |
NM |
NM |
Basu et al.1212 Basu SK, Bain J, Maity K, et al. Rhinosporidiosis of lacrimal sac: an interesting case of orbital swelling. J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2016;7(1):98-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.175102. PMid:27003980. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.1751...
|
1 |
Pinkish swelling over left lower orbital area for 3 years |
Nil |
LS & NLD |
DCT, excision of mass with sac |
6 |
Nil |
DDS 100 mg/d OD 6 m |
Mishra et al.2121 Mishra LK, Gupta S, Pradhan SK, Baisakh MR. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis. Plast Aesthet Res. 2015;2(6):353-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-9264.169501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2347-9264.1695...
|
1 |
Swelling at the medial canthus of left eye |
Present |
LS + NLD |
incision over the medial canthus of left eye. Mass with sac removed. Silastic tube placed from punctum to nose |
1 |
NIL |
DDS 100mg OD X1 months |
Nuruddin et al.2222 Nuruddin M, Mudhar HS, Osmani M, Roy SR. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: clinical profile and surgical management by modified dacryocystorhinostomy. Orbit. 2014;33(1):29-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2013.844170. PMid:24195743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2013....
|
18 |
Swelling in LS area, epistaxis and blood-stained discharge |
NM |
LS =16, fistula= 2 |
Modified DCR. A small portion of the sac around common canaliculi was left, DCR tube placed |
12 |
2/18 |
PVP-I for 2 minutes |
Sah2323 Sah BP, Chettri ST, Si S, Kandel DR, Ir D. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: an unusual case report. Am J Med Case Rep. 2014;2(4):84-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajmcr-2-4-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12691/ajmcr-2-4-4...
|
1 |
Left medial infraorbital diffuse nontender swelling |
Intermittent |
LS & NLD |
Multiple tiny vascularized growth. Sac was sutured and removed “en bloc” with NLD |
24 |
Nil |
DDS 100 mg/d 3m |
Guru and Pradhan2424 Guru RK, Pradhan DK. Rhinosporidiosis with special reference to extra nasal presentation. J Evol Med Dental Sci. 2014;3(22):6189-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/2721. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2014/27...
|
10 |
Blood- tinged discharge from eye |
Blood tinged discharge |
LS & N n=7, NLD & N n=3 |
DCT, cauterisation of base. Debridement of mucous membrane of NLD |
NM |
NM |
NM |
Mukherjee et al.2525 Mukherjee PK, Shukla IM, Deshpande M, Kher P. Rhinosporidiosis of the lacrimal sac. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1982;30:513. |
1 |
Recurrent painful swelling below right lower lid |
Nil |
LS |
DCT with wide excision with cauterization |
NM |
NM |
PVP-I & DDS 100 mg OD 6 m |
Billiveau et al.2626 Belliveau MJ, Strube YNJ, Dexter DF, Kratky V. Bloody tears from lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47(5):e23-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.019. PMid:23036556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03...
|
1 |
Bloody mucopurulent tear, swelling in the medial canthal area of the left eye |
Bloody tear |
LS & NLD |
Open excision & biopsy, followed by external DCR |
60 |
NIL |
NM |
Mithal et al.2727 Mithal C, Agarwal P, Mithal N. Ocular and adnexal rhinosporidiosis: the clinical profile and treatment outcomes in a tertiary eye care centre. Nepal J Ophthalmol. 2012;4(1):45-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5849. PMid:22343995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5...
|
13 |
mucocele=4, swelling= 3 |
Blood tinged discharge= 2 |
LS |
NM |
Mean 14,2 |
1 |
NM |
Pusker et al.88 Pushker N, Kashyap S, Bajaj MS, et al. Primary lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis with grossly dilated sac and nasolacrimal duct. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;25(3):234-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181a39495. PMid:19454941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/IOP.0b013e3181...
|
1 |
Swelling Rt medial canthal area & Mucopurulent discharge |
Present |
LS & NLD |
DCT & “en bloc” excision of the extension growth in the nasopharynx |
6 |
NIL |
DDS 100 mg OD 6 months |
Rogers et al.2828 Rogers S, Waring D, Martin P. Recurrent lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis involving the periocular subcutaneous tissues, nasolacrimal duct and nasopharynx. Orbit. 2012;31(5):358-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2012.700548. PMid:23030407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01676830.2012....
|
1 |
Swelling of the left inner canthus. |
Present |
LS |
External DCR |
120 |
Yes |
Nill |
Ghosh et al.2929 Ghosh A, Saha S, Srivastava A, Mishra M. Rhinosporidiosisunusualpresentations. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;60(2):159-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-008-0003-3. PMid:23120527. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-008-000...
|
1 |
Swelling in medial canthus area, epiphora and purulent discharge from eye. |
Present |
LS |
Endoscopic DCR + DCT |
NM |
NM |
NM |
Varshney et al.3030 Varshney S, Bist SS, Gupta P, Gupta N, Bhatia R. Lacrimal sac diverticulum due to rhinosporidiosis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;59(4):353-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-007-0100-8. PMid:23120472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-007-010...
|
1 |
Right facial swelling, nasal obstruction and intermittent nasal bleeding |
Present |
LS, N & O |
Lateral rhinotomy with sac excision by parapharyngeal route |
3 |
Nil |
NM |
Ghorpade et al.3131 Ghorpade A, Gurumurthy J, Banerjee PK, Banerjee AK, Bhalla M, Ravindranath M. Oculosporidiosis presenting as an under-eye swelling. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73(3):196-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.32749. PMid:17558058. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0378-6323.3274...
|
1 |
Swelling under right eye with scanty bloody nasal discharge. |
NM |
LS, NLD & N |
Naso-optic sulcus incision. Mass filled the lacrimal sac and lacrimal duct, separately excised followed by electrocautery |
8 |
NIL |
DDS 100 mg daily, length- NM |
Chowdhury et al.1010 Chowdhury RK, Behera S, Bhuyan D, Das G. Oculosporidiosis in a tertiary care hospital of western Orrisa, India: a case series. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007;55(4):299-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.33045. PMid:17595481. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0301-4738.3304...
|
3 |
Epistaxis |
NM |
LS n = 1, LS & SC n = 2 |
DCT done, pink vascularized finger like extension was seen in all the cases |
12 |
SC spread n=2 |
NM |
Watve et al.3232 Watve JK, Mane RS, Mohite AA, Patil BC. Lacrimal sac Rhinosporidiosis. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;58(4):399-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03049611. PMid:23120364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF03049611...
|
1 |
swelling Rt medial canthal area |
Present & purulent discharge |
LS |
Endoscopic DCR, a mass popped out of the sac |
NM |
Nil |
DDS 100 mg alternate day 12 m |
Nerurkar et al.3333 Nerurkar NK, Bradoo RA, Joshi AA, Shah J, Tandon S. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: a case report. Am J Otolaryngol. 2004;25(6):423-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2004.04.012. PMid:15547812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2004....
|
1 |
Diffuse, soft, non- tender Rt infraorbital swelling. diffuse |
Intermittent |
LS |
Endoscopic DCR |
<1 |
Present |
DDS 50 mg/d -3 months |
Thakur et al.3434 Thakur SKD, Sah SP, Badhu BP. Oculosporidiosis in Eastern Nepal: a report of five cases. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2002;33(2):362-4. PMid:12236438. |
3 |
Purulent discharge=2, swelling lower fornix 2 |
Present=3 |
LS |
DCT |
NM |
NM |
PVP-I = 1 |
Krishnan et al.3535 Krishnan MM, Kawatra VK, Rao VA, Ratnakar C. Diverticulum of the lacrimal sac associated with rhinosporidiosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1986;70(11):867-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.70.11.867. PMid:3098278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.70.11.867...
|
1 |
Swelling at the inner canthus of the right eye, occasional blood- stained discharge |
Present |
LS |
DCT (sac + diverticula) |
NM |
NM |
NM |
Mukharjee et al.1414 Gupta N, Singla P, Pradhan B, Gurung U. Lacrimal sac rhinosporidiosis: case report and review of literature with a new grading system to optimize treatment. Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology. 2019;33(3):283-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.05.002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjopt.2019.0...
|
48 |
LS diffuse swelling n=45; nose bridge widening n = 42; lower lid swelling n = 30; LS localized swelling n = 3, nose bleeding= 6 |
Nil |
LS n=42, LS & N n=6 |
DCT |
NM |
Nil |
NM |
Suseela and Subramaniam3636 Suseela V, Subramaniam KS. Rhinosporidiosis and the eyes. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1975;23(4):1-4. PMid:1031152. |
7 |
Epistaxis as the lesions involved nose, |
Nil |
LS & nose |
Excision biopsy |
5 out of 7 |
NM |
Yes |
David and Sivaramasubrahmanyam3737 David SS, Sivaramasubrahmanyam P. Ocular rhinosporidiosis, a study of twenty one cases. Indian J Ophthalmol. 1973;21:204-7. |
21 |
Growth between lids and globe, Swelling lower lid |
Nasal bloody discharge |
LS + Nose & Limbus |
DCT and excision of conjunctival growths |
NM |
1 |
NM |