Pedersen1010 Norgaard‐Pedersen B, Albrechtsen R, Teilum G. Serum alpha‐foetoprotein as a marker for endodermal sinus tumor (yolk sac tumor) or a vitelline component of ‘teratocarcinoma’. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand [A]. 1975;83(6):573-89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1975.tb01385.x. PMid:52995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.19...
|
24 |
9m-36y |
2 |
AFP was increased in all cases of endodermal sinus tumor or teratocarcinomas. |
Ein1111 Ein SH, Mancer K, Adeyemi SD. Malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma—endodermal sinus, yolk sac tumor—in infants and children: a 32-year review. J Pediatr Surg. 1985;20(5):473-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(85)80468-1. PMid:3903096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(85)...
|
15 |
11m-30m |
10 |
2 out of 10 cases were malignant tumors |
Hawkin1212 Hawkins EP, Finegold MJ, Hawkins HK, Krischer JP, Starling KA, Weinberg A. Nongerminomatous malignant germ cell tumors in children: a review of 89 cases from the Pediatric Oncology Group, 1971–1984. Cancer. 1986;58(12):2579-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19861215)58:12<2579::AID-CNCR2820581204>3.0.CO;2-V. PMid:3022907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(1986...
|
89 |
1m-16y |
15 |
No tumor behavior difference between “S” pure tumors and teratomas. |
Davidof22 Davidoff AM, Hebra A, Bunin N, Shochat SJ, Schnaufer L. Endodermal sinus tumor in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31(8):1075-8, discussion 1078-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90090-1. PMid:8863237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3468(96)...
|
37 |
5m-16y |
15 |
The overall, 2y survival rate was 60%. For YST of the “S” the survival rate was 70% post Chemo, AFP level monitoring was significant. |
De Backer1313 De Backer A, Madern GC, Pieters R, et al. Influence of tumor site and histology on long-term survival in 193 children with extracranial germ cell tumors. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2008;18(1):1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989399. PMid:18302061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-989399...
|
193 |
< 16Y |
9 |
Patients with gonadal GCT had a higher overall survival than those with extragonadal GCT. Patients with cervical and mediastinal tumors had lower probability of event free survival than those with gonadal, retroperitoneal or sacrococcygeal GCT. |
Wang et al.1414 Wang F, Liu A, Peng Y, et al. Diagnostic utility of SALL4 in extragonadal yolk sac tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 59 cases with comparison to placental-like alkaline phosphatase, alpha-fetoprotein, and glypican-3. Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33(10):1529-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181ad25d5. PMid:19574883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181...
|
59 |
NA |
27 |
All 59 YST cases were negative for OCT4, but strong positive for SALL4. More than 90% of the tumor area in 54 cases and 70% to 85% tumor area in 5 YST cases was noted making SALL 4 a novel and sensitive marker in YST. 66% cases showed focal PLAP staining. |
Merchant and Stewart1515 Merchant A, Stewart RW. Sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor presenting as subcutaneous fluid collection initially treated as abscess. South Med J. 2010;103(10):1068-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181efb572. PMid:20818302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181...
|
1 |
11m |
1 |
Pure YST of sacrococcygeal region can be highlighted by other clinical features such as hypoechoic fluid collections in gluteal region. |
Khanchel-Lakhoua et al.1616 Khanchel-Lakhoua F, Koubâa-Mahjoub W, Jouini R, Bel Haj Salah M, Kaabar N, Chadli-Debbiche A. Sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor: an uncommon site. APSP J Case Rep. 2012;3(3):17. PMid:23061033. |
1 |
30m |
1 |
Imaging, morphology and elevated AFP levels suggested YST of sacrococcygeal region. |
Yoshid et al.1717 Yoshida M, Matsuoka K, Nakazawa A, et al. Sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor developing after teratoma: a clinicopathological study of pediatric sacrococcygeal germ cell tumors and a proposal of the pathogenesis of sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumors. J Pediatr Surg. 2013;48(4):776-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2012.08.028. PMid:23583133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.201...
|
289 |
<1m - >2y |
NA |
13 cases developed YST after resection of sacrococcygeal teratoma. |
Pawar et al.1818 Pawar NP, Mahajan SV, Chaudhari RA, Chavan SD. Extragonadal GCT: A rare case report of sacrococcygeal pure yolk sac tumor. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2013;56(3):329-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.120421. PMid:24152532. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0377-4929.1204...
|
1 |
2y |
1 |
A clinical suspicion of YST should always be kept in infants with presentation at unusual locations. |
Ben Nsir et al.1919 Ben Nsir A, Darmoul M, Arous SB, Hattab N. Metastatic sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor: a misleading diagnosis. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2015;6(3):395-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.158772. PMid:26167024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0976-3147.1587...
|
1 |
18m |
1 |
Pure YST can present with conus medullaris syndrome |
Mondal and Mandal2020 Mondal K, Mandal R. Bilateral lung metastases unveils an asymptomatic sacrococcygeal yolk sac tumor. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2017;60(4):565-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_385_16. PMid:29323075. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_385_...
|
1 |
1.5m |
1 |
GCT should always be suspected in young children presenting with lung metastases. AFP levels must be done while suspecting GCT. |