Bhole et al. (2010) |
USA |
4427 |
304 |
Age, education, BMI, alcohol consumption, hypertension, medication use (diuretics, hormone replacement therapy), clínical laboratory measures (blood glucose level, blood cholesterol level), and menopause status, diabetes mellitus |
Men: 1951 (44%); Women: 2476 (56%) |
Mean 46, SD 9 Mean 47, SD 9 |
|
Burke et al. (2016) |
USA |
6765 |
230 |
Hypertension in patients >65y |
Men: 46.2% Women: 53.8% |
>45y |
– |
Chen et al. (2012) |
Taiwan |
132,556 |
1606 |
Age, hyperuricemia, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes |
Men: 60,181 (45%); Women: 72,375 (55%) |
>18 |
– |
Chen et al. (2013) |
Taiwan |
40,513 |
1189 |
Age, hyperuricemia, general obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, hyperglycaemia, renal insufficiency, cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking, overweight, central obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus |
Men: 17,957 (44%); Women: 22,556 (56%) |
Gout patients: mean 49.5, SD 15.1 |
|
Choi and Curhan (2008) |
USA |
46,393 |
755 |
Consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, diet soft drinks, and fruit juice |
Men: 46,393 (100%) |
40-75 |
91% white |
Choi and Curhan (2010) |
USA |
89,433 |
896 |
Coffee and tea consumption |
Women: 89,433 (100%) |
30-55, mean 46, SD 7 |
– |
Choi et al. (2004) |
USA |
47,150 |
730 |
Alcohol consumption |
Men: 47,150 (100%) |
40-75, mean 54, SD 10 |
91% white |
Choi et al. (2004) |
USA |
47,150 |
730 |
Purine-rich foods |
Men: 47,150 (100%) |
40-75 |
91% white |
Choi et al. (2005) |
USA |
47,150 |
730 |
BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, weight change, hypertension and diuretic use |
Men: 47,150 (100%) |
40-75, mean 54 |
91% white |
Choi et al. (2007) |
USA |
45,869 |
757 |
Coffee and tea consumption |
Men: 45,869 (100%) |
40-75, mean 54, SD 10 |
91% white |
Choi et al. (2009) |
USA |
46,994 |
1317 |
Vitamin C consumption |
Men: 46,994 (100%) |
40-75, mean 55, SD 10 |
91% white |
Choi et al. (2010) |
USA |
78,906 |
778 |
Sugar-sweetened soda, diet soda and fruit juice consumption |
Women: 78,906 (100%) |
30-55 |
95% white |
Grodzicki (1997) |
UK |
2128 |
45 |
Diabetes, hypertension, diuretic use |
Men: 1060 (50%); Women: 1068 (50%) |
18-65 |
– |
Hochberg et al. (1995) |
USA |
923 |
60 |
Race |
Men: 923 (100%) |
White: mean 26.1, SD 1.8; black: 290, SD 3.8 |
White: 571 (62%); black: 352 (38%) |
Maynard et al. (2012) |
USA |
6263 |
106 |
BMI, obesity, waist-to-hip ratio and weight change |
Women: 6263 (100%) |
45-64 |
White: 4676 (75%); black: 1587 (25%) |
Maynard et al. (2014) |
USA |
11,963 |
724 |
Race |
Men: 5102 (43%); Women: 6861 (75%) |
45-64 |
White: 9143 (76%); black: 2820 (24%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2011) |
USA |
15,533 |
517 |
Age, cholesterol, blood pressure, treated hypertension, treated hypercholesterolemia, beer, wine, liquor, BMI, BMI at 21 years |
Men: 6100 (39%); Women: 9433 (61%) |
13-87 at baseline, >24 at first follow-up |
White: 15,533 (100%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2012) |
USA |
5789 |
225 |
Diuretic Use |
Men: 2445 (42%); Women: 3344 (58%) |
45-64, mean 55, SD 5.7 |
White: 3998 (69%); black: 1791 (31%) |
McAdams- DeMarco et al. (2013) |
USA |
3524 |
108 |
Hypertension, diuretic use |
Men: 1649 (47%); Women: 1875 (53%) |
45-64, mean 55, SD 5.6 |
White: 3524 (100%) |
Merola et al. (2015) |
USA |
98,810 |
2217 |
Psoriasis/psoriatic arthritis |
Men: 27,751 (100%) Women: 71,059 (100%) |
Psoriasis 52.1 (SD 84) Psoriasis 63 (SD 6.8) |
Psoriasis: White (98%) Psoriasis: White (98.1 %) |
Must et al. (1992) |
USA |
508 |
16 |
Coronary heart disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, colorectal cancer, breast cancer |
Men: 256 (50%); Women: 252 (50%) |
6-8 at baseline, mean 53 at first used follow-up |
White: 508 (100%) |
Niu et al. (2017) |
Taiwan |
30,100 |
- |
Anti-diabetic medication |
Men: 47.6% Women: 524% |
Non-pioglitazone mean 58.33 (SD11.96), pioglitazone 58.22 (11.87 |
– |
Pan et al. (2015) |
Singapore |
31,137 |
682 |
Hypertension |
Hypertensive male: 40.7% Non-hypertensive male: 404% |
Hypertensive median: 61.3y Non-hypertensive median 59.3y |
Hypertensive Cantonese: 504% Non-hypertensive Cantonese: 49.2% |
Prior et al. (1987) |
New Zealand |
1705 |
46 |
Age, BMI, weight, height, arm circumference, arm muscle circumference, subscapular skinfold thickness, triceps skinfold thickness, blood pressure, cholesterol, triglyceride, serum uric acid |
Men and women included but numbers not specified |
>15 at baseline, >18 at first follow-up |
100% Tokelauan |
Rai et al. (2017) |
USA |
44,444 |
– |
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet |
Men: 100% |
– |
– |
Roubenoff et al. (1991) |
USA |
1271 |
60 |
BMI, weight gain, hypertension |
Men: 1216 (91%); Women: 121 (9%) |
Median 22 |
White: 1301 (97%); non-white: 36 (3%) |
Tan et al. (2017) |
Canada |
36,816 |
-
|
Chronic Kidney Disease |
Men: 41.6% Women: 584% |
Mean 68.8 (±3.5) |
-
|
Teng et al. (2015) |
China |
51,114 |
-
|
Food sources of protein |
Men (with gout): 55.1% Men (without gout): 41.9% |
Mean 55 (±74) (with gout) Mean 55.7 (±7.7) (without gout) |
-
|
Tofler and Woodings (1981) |
Australia |
301 |
– |
Alcohol consumption |
Men: 100% |
Not stated |
– |
Tu et al. (2016) |
Taiwan |
34,025 |
22,350 |
Alcohol-related diseases |
Men: 70.1% |
Mean 48.2 (±13.2) |
– |
Wang et al. (2015) |
USA |
4717 |
46 |
Chronic Kidney Disease |
Men: 46% |
Average age: 45 years |
– |
Wijnands et al. (2015) |
UK |
442,234 |
221,117 |
Diabetes Mellitus |
Men: 39.6% |
60.4y (±154) |
– |
Williams (2008) |
USA |
28,990 |
228 |
BMI, diet, physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness, levels of uric acid |
Mend 00% |
Mean 44.7, SD 10.9 |
– |