Schmdit [2929 Schmidt WA, Kraft HE, Vorpahl K, Völker L, Gromnica-Ihle EJ. Color duplex ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1336–42. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199711063371902. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199711063371...
] |
112 |
ACR criteria, CD or TAB |
TA |
30 (27%) |
10 |
NR |
Halo sign |
73% |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Halo sign/ Stenosis/cclusion |
93% |
93% |
Nesher [2828 Nesher G, Shemesh D, Mates M, Sonnenblick M, Abramowitz HB. The predictive value of the halo sign in color Doppler ultrasonography of the temporal arteries for diagnosing giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:1224–6.] |
69 |
CD or TAB |
TA |
14 (20%) |
15 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
86% |
76% |
Salvarani [3030 Salvarani C, Silingardi M, Ghirarduzzi A, Scocco GL, MacChioni P, Bajocchi G, Vincenti M, Cantini F, Iori I, Boiardi L. Is duplex ultrasonography useful for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis? Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:232–8.] |
86 |
ACR criteria, CD or TAB |
TA |
20 (23%) |
10 |
13 mos |
Halo sign |
35% |
79% |
Reinhard [3131 Reinhard M, Schmidt D, Hetzel A. Color-coded sonography in suspected temporal arteritis-experiences after 83 cases. Rheumatol Int. 2004;24:340–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-003-0372-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-003-0372-...
] |
68 |
ACR criteria, CD or TAB |
TA |
43 (52%) |
10 |
NR |
Halo sign |
60% |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Halo sign/ occlusion |
65% |
100% |
Karahaliou [3232 Karahaliou M, Vaiopoulos G, Papaspyrou S, Kanakis MA, Revenas K, Sfikakis PP. Colour duplex sonography of temporal arteries before decision for biopsy: a prospective study in 55 patients with suspected giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2003. https://doi.org/10.1186/ar2003...
] |
55 |
CD or TAB |
TA |
22 (40%) |
11 |
3 mos |
Halo sign/ stenosis |
82% |
91% |
Bley [3333 Bley TA, Reinhard M, Hauenstein C, Markl M, Warnatz K, Hetzel A, Uhl M, Vaith P, Langer M. Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58:2574–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23699. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23699...
] |
59 |
CD or TAB |
TA |
36 (61%) |
10 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
67% |
91% |
Habib [3434 Habib HM, Essa AA, Hassan AA. Color duplex ultrasonography of temporal arteries: role in diagnosis and follow-up of suspected cases of temporal arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2012;31:231–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1808-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-011-1808-...
] |
32 |
CD or TAB |
TA |
16 (50%) |
10 |
3 mos |
Halo sign |
81% |
88% |
Aschwanden [3535 Aschwanden M, Daikeler T, Kesten F, Baldi T, Benz D, Tyndall A, Imfeld S, Staub D, Hess C, Jaeger KA. Temporal artery compression sign—a novel ultrasound finding for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Ultraschall Med. 2013;34:47–50. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312821. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1312821...
] |
80 |
CD, ACR criteria |
TA |
43 (54%) |
17 |
NR |
Halo sign |
79% |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stenosis |
13% |
100% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Compression sign |
79% |
100% |
Diamanto- poulus [2727 Diamantopoulos AP, Haugeberg G, Hetland H, Soldal DM, Bie R, Myklebust G. Diagnostic value of color doppler ultrasonography of temporal arteries and large vessels in giant cell arteritis: a consecutive case series. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014;66:113–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22178. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22178...
] |
88 |
CD or TAB |
TA, AX, carotid arteries |
46 (52%) |
13 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
96–100% |
91% |
Croft [3636 Croft AP, Thompson N, Duddy MJ, Barton C, Khattak F, Mollan SP, Jobanputra P. Cranial ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. A retrospective cohort study. J R Coll Physicians Edinb. 2015;45:268–72. https://doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2015.403. https://doi.org/10.4997/JRCPE.2015.403...
] |
87 |
ACR criteria, CD, TAB |
TA |
36 (41%) |
13 |
3 mos |
Halo sign |
81% |
91% |
Luqmani [3737 Luqmani R, Lee E, Singh S, Gillett M, Schmidt WA, Bradburn M, Dasgupta B, Diamantopoulos AP, Forrester-Barker W, Hamilton W, Masters S, McDonald B, McNally E, Pease C, Piper J, Salmon J, Wailoo A, Wolfe K, Hutchings A. The role of ultrasound compared to biopsy of temporal arteries in the diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis (TABUL): a diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness study. Health Technol Assess (Rockv). 2016;20:1–270. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20900. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta20900...
] |
381 |
CD |
TA, AX |
257 (67%) |
> 10 |
2 wks and 6 mos |
Halo sign/ Stenosis/ Occlusion |
54% |
81% |
Valera [3838 Aranda-Valera IC, García Carazo S, Monjo Henry I, de Miguel Mendieta E. Diagnostic validity of Doppler ultrasound in giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:123–7.] |
451 |
CD |
TA, AX, Occ |
256 (56%) |
12 |
NR |
Halo sign |
92% |
99% |
Alarcon [3939 EstradaAlarcón P, Reina D, NavarroÁngeles V, Cerdà D, Roig-Vilaseca D, Corominas H. Doppler ultrasonography of superficial temporal artery in a cohort of patients with strong clinical suspicion of giant cell arteritis. Med Clín (Engl Ed). 2019;153:151–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2019.06.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcle.2019.06...
] |
52 |
CD |
TA |
22 (42%) |
15 |
NR |
Halo sign |
81.8% |
93% |
Conway [4040 Conway R, O'Neill L, McCarthy GM, Murphy CC, Veale DJ, Fearon U, Killeen RP, Heffernan EJ, Molloy ES. Performance characteristics and predictors of temporal artery ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis in routine clinical practice in a prospective cohort. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;37:72–8.] |
162 |
CD, TAB |
TA |
123 (75%) |
12 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
53% |
72% |
Hop [4141 Hop H, Mulder DJ, Sandovici M, Glaudemans AWJM, van Roon AM, Slart RHJA, Brouwer E. Diagnostic value of axillary artery ultrasound in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:3676–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEAA102. https://doi.org/10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEA...
] |
113 |
CD |
TA, AX, carotid arteries |
41 (36%) |
16 |
6 mos |
Halo sign/ occlusion |
76% |
93% |
Roncato [4242 Roncato C, Allix-Béguec C, Brottier-Mancini E, Gombert B, Denis G. Diagnostic performance of colour duplex ultrasonography along with temporal artery biopsy in suspicion of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35:119–22.] |
42 |
CD |
TA |
30 (71%) |
18 |
25.4 mos |
Halo sign |
80% |
100% |
Zarka [4343 Zarka F, Rhéaume M, Belhocine M, Goulet M, Febrer G, Mansour AM, Troyanov Y, Starnino T, Meunier RS, Chagnon I, Routhier N, Bénard V, Ducharme-Bénard S, Ross C, Makhzoum JP. Colour Doppler ultrasound and the giant cell arteritis probability score for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a Canadian single-centre experience. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1093/RAP/RKAB083. https://doi.org/10.1093/RAP/RKAB083...
] |
198 |
CD |
TA |
60 (30%) |
18 |
6 mos |
Halo sign/ compression sign |
93.3% |
98.5% |
He [4444 He J, Williamson L, Ng B, Wang J, Manolios N, Angelides S, Farlow D, Wong PKK. The diagnostic accuracy of temporal artery ultrasound and temporal artery biopsy in giant cell arteritis: A single center Australian experience over 10 years. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25:447–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14288. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14288...
] |
63 |
CD |
TA |
20 (31%) |
18 |
NR |
Halo sign |
55% |
95.3% |
Noumegni [4545 Noumegni SR, Jousse-Joulin S, Hoffmann C, Cornec D, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Saraux A, Bressollette L. Comparison of halo and compression signs assessed by a high frequency ultrasound probe for the diagnosis of Giant Cell Arteritis. J Ultrasound. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40477-021-00618-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40477-021-00618...
] |
80 |
CD, ACR criteria |
TA |
20 (25%) |
22 |
NR |
Halo sign |
80% |
80% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Halo sign/ compression sign |
80% |
81% |
Henri [4646 Henry IM, Fernández Fernández E, Peiteado D, Balsa A, de Miguel E. Diagnostic validity of ultrasound including extra-cranial arteries in giant cell arteritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10067-022-06420-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10067-022-06420...
] |
198 |
CD |
TA, AX, Sbc |
87 (44%) |
22 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
89.3% |
97.3% |
Skoog [4747 Skoog J, Svensson C, Eriksson P, Sjöwall C, Zachrisson H. The diagnostic performance of an extended ultrasound protocol in patients with clinically suspected giant cell arteritis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2021.807996. https://doi.org/10.3389/FMED.2021.807996...
] |
201 |
CD |
TA, AX |
83 (41%) |
18 |
6 mos |
Halo sign |
86% |
99% |
Prearo [4848 Prearo I, Dekorsy FJ, Brendel M, Lottspeich C, Dechant C, Schulze-Koops H, Hoffmann U, Czihal M. Diagnostic yield of axillary artery ultrasound in addition to temporal artery ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40:819–25. https://doi.org/10.55563/CLINEXPRHEUMATOL/V1BVFZ. https://doi.org/10.55563/CLINEXPRHEUMATO...
] |
228 |
CD confirmed by TAB or other imaging studies |
TA, AX |
92 (40%) |
18 |
NR |
Halo sign/ compression sign |
69.3% |
96.3% |