Andrade-Mayorga and cols. (2020) (7979 Andrade-Mayorga O, Mancilla R, Díaz E, Alvarez C. Heart Rate During an Exercise Test and Acute High-intensity Interval Training in Type 2 Diabetes. Int J Sports Med. 2020 Jun;41(6):365-72. doi: 10.1055/a-1015-0591. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-0591...
) |
13 |
32 |
M/W |
NR |
NR |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Modified Astrand |
VO2 peak |
Baldi and cols. (2003) (2424 Baldi JC, Aoina JL, Oxenham HC, Bagg W, Doughty RN. Reduced exercise arteriovenous O2 difference in Type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Mar;94(3):1033-8. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00879.2002. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.008...
) |
11 |
12 |
M/W |
5.4 ± 3.1 |
Age, BMI, and habitual physical activity |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workloads 25 or 50 Wt, increments 15-25 W |
VO2 max |
Baldi and cols. (2006) (8080 Baldi JC, Aoina JL, Whalley GA, Carrick-Ranson G, Walsh HA, O'Shaughnessy H, et al. The effect of type 2 diabetes on diastolic function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006 Aug;38(8):1384-8. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000228954.90591.95. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.000022895...
) |
13 |
15 |
M/W |
5.4 ± 3.1 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workloads 25 or 50 Wt, increments 15-25 W |
VO2 max |
Bauer and cols. (2007) (6060 Bauer TA, Reusch JE, Levi M, Regensteiner JG. Skeletal muscle deoxygenation after the onset of moderate exercise suggests slowed microvascular blood flow kinetics in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007 Nov;30(11):2880-5. doi: 10.2337/dc07-0843. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-0843...
) |
11 |
11 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental 10-20 Wt/min |
VO2 peak |
Baynard and cols. (2005) (5050 Baynard T, Franklin RM, Goulopoulou S, Carhart R Jr, Kanaley JA. Effect of a single vs multiple bouts of exercise on glucose control in women with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2005 Aug;54(8):989-94. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.02.015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2005.0...
) |
9 |
6 |
W |
NR |
Age |
Antidiabetics |
Treadmill |
Starting at 2.5 mph, increased 2%mph 3.5mph reached |
VO2 peak |
Bergman and cols. (2015) (3131 Bergman BC, Brozinick JT, Strauss A, Bacon S, Kerege A, Bui HH, et al. Serum sphingolipids: relationships to insulin sensitivity and changes with exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Aug 15;309(4):E398-408. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00134.2015. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00134.20...
) |
15 |
14 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload adjusted to maintain determined intensity |
VO2 max |
Boon and cols. (2007) (3232 Boon H, Blaak EE, Saris WH, Keizer HA, Wagenmakers AJ, van Loon LJ. Substrate source utilisation in long-term diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients at rest, and during exercise and subsequent recovery. Diabetologia. 2007 Jan;50(1):103-12. doi: 10.1007/s00125-006-0482-2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-006-0482-...
) |
10 |
10 |
M |
7.0 ± 3.1 |
Weight |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload at 0.75 to 1.5 W.KgFFM−1, cadence 60 rpm |
VO2 max |
Borghouts and cols. (2002) (1212 Borghouts LB, Wagenmakers AJ, Goyens PL, Keizer HA. Substrate utilization in non-obese Type II diabetic patients at rest and during exercise. Clin Sci (Lond). 2002 Dec;103(6):559-66. doi: 10.1042/cs1030559. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs1030559...
) |
8 |
8 |
M |
NR |
Weight and body composition |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload at 0.75 to 1.5 W.KgFFM−1, cadence 60 rpm |
VO2 max |
Brandenburg and cols. (1999) (3333 Brandenburg SL, Reusch JE, Bauer TA, Jeffers BW, Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG. Effects of exercise training on oxygen uptake kinetic responses in women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Oct;22(10):1640-6. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.10.1640. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.10.16...
) |
8 |
19 |
W |
3.0 ± 2.0 |
Age and activity levels |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10Wt/min. |
VO2 max |
Chance and cols. (2008) (8181 Chance WW, Rhee C, Yilmaz C, Dane DM, Pruneda ML, Raskin P, et al. Diminished alveolar microvascular reserves in type 2 diabetes reflect systemic microangiopathy. Diabetes Care. 2008 Aug;31(8):1596-601. doi: 10.2337/dc07-2323. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc07-2323...
) |
69 |
45 |
M/W |
7.8 ± 5.8 |
Age |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental 20-30 Wt/3 min. |
VO2 peak |
Colberg and cols. (2005) (3535 Colberg SR, Parson HK, Nunnold T, Holton DR, Swain DP, Vinik AI. Change in cutaneous perfusion following 10 weeks of aerobic training in Type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2005 Sep-Oct;19(5):276-83. doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.02.006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2005....
) |
9 |
10 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 0 Wt or 20 Wt, incremental 20 Wt/3 min., cadence of 50 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Colberg and cols. (2006) (3434 Colberg SR, Parson HK, Nunnold T, Herriott MT, Vinik AI. Effect of an 8-week resistance training program on cutaneous perfusion in type 2 diabetes. Microvasc Res. 2006 Mar;71(2):121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2005.11.005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mvr.2005.11.00...
) |
10 |
9 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 0 Wt or 20 Wt, incremental 20 Wt/3 min., cadence of 50 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Cusi and cols. (2001) (2525 Cusi KJ, Pratipanawatr T, Koval J, Printz R, Ardehali H, Granner DK, et al. Exercise increases hexokinase II mRNA, but not activity in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Metabolism. 2001 May;50(5):602-6. doi: 10.1053/meta.2001.22568. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2001.22568...
) |
8 |
6 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Dela and cols. (1999) (2121 Dela F, Mikines KJ, Larsen JJ, Galbo H. Glucose clearance in aged trained skeletal muscle during maximal insulin with superimposed exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1999 Dec;87(6):2059-67. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2059. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6....
) |
4 |
6 |
NR |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Devlin and cols. (1987) (2626 Devlin JT, Hirshman M, Horton ED, Horton ES. Enhanced peripheral and splanchnic insulin sensitivity in NIDDM men after single bout of exercise. Diabetes. 1987 Apr;36(4):434-9. doi: 10.2337/diab.36.4.434. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.36.4.434...
) |
5 |
12 |
M |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Durrer and cols. (2017) (8282 Durrer C, Francois M, Neudorf H, Little JP. Acute high-intensity interval exercise reduces human monocyte Toll-like receptor 2 expression in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2017 Apr 1;312(4):R529-R538. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00348.2016. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00348.20...
) |
10 |
9 |
M/W |
NR |
Age |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Ramp protocol (15 Wt/min at 50 rpm) |
VO2 peak |
Fluckey and cols. (1994) (8383 Fluckey JD, Hickey MS, Brambrink JK, Hart KK, Alexander K, Craig BW. Effects of resistance exercise on glucose tolerance in normal and glucose-intolerant subjects. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1994 Sep;77(3):1087-92. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3.1087. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.3....
) |
10 |
3 |
M/W |
2.8 ± NR |
Age |
NR |
Treadmill |
Modified Naughton-Balke |
VO2 max |
Fujii and cols. (2017) (8484 Fujii N, Meade RD, Akbari P, Louie JC, Alexander LM, Boulay P, et al. No effect of ascorbate on cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in older men and those with type 2 diabetes exercising in the heat. Physiol Rep. 2017 Apr;5(7):e13238. doi: 10.14814/phy2.13238. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.13238...
) |
12 |
12 |
M |
7.5 ± 4.4 |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 peak |
Green and cols. (2003) (2727 Green DJ, Walsh JH, Maiorana A, Best MJ, Taylor RR, O'Driscoll JG. Exercise-induced improvement in endothelial dysfunction is not mediated by changes in CV risk factors: pooled analysis of diverse patient populations. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003 Dec;285(6):H2679-87. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00519.2003. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00519.2...
) |
15 |
16 |
NR |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 20 and 60 Wt, increased 20-25 Wt increments each 3 min |
VO2 peak |
Groen and cols. (2019) (8585 Groen MB, Knudsen TA, Finsen SH, Pedersen BK, Hellsten Y, Mortensen SP. Reduced skeletal-muscle perfusion and impaired ATP release during hypoxia and exercise in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019 Mar;62(3):485-93. doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4790-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4790-...
) |
9 |
8 |
M/W |
8 ± 3 |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 50-100 Wt, increases 25 Wt each 1min |
VO2 peak |
Gulsin and cols. (2020) (8686 Gulsin GS, Swarbrick DJ, Athithan L, Brady EM, Henson J, Baldry E, et al. Effects of Low-Energy Diet or Exercise on Cardiovascular Function in Working-Age Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label, Blinded End Point Trial. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jun;43(6):1300-10. doi: 10.2337/dc20-0129. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0129...
) |
87 |
36 |
M/W |
4.7 ± 3.8 |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 peak |
Hansen and cols. (2014) (2828 Hansen D, Dendale P. Modifiable predictors of chronotropic incompetence in male patients with type 2 diabetes. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2014 May-Jun;34(3):202-7. doi: 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000039. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.000000000000...
) |
33 |
18 |
M |
5.2 ± 4.4 |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 45 Wt, increments 45 Wt each 3-min. |
VO2 peak |
Hernández-Alvarez and cols. (2010) (9) |
12 |
7 |
M/W |
2.5 ± 1.9 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Treadmill |
Stepwise |
VO2 max |
Holton and cols. (2003) (3636 Holton DR, Colberg SR, Nunnold T, Parson HK, Vinik AI. The effect of an aerobic exercise training program on quality of life in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Educ. 2003 Sep-Oct;29(5):837-46. doi: 10.1177/014572170302900513. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145721703029005...
) |
9 |
10 |
M/W |
NR |
Age, gender, and BMI |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 0 Wt or 20 Wt, 20 Wt increment every 3 min., cadence 50 rpm. |
VO2 peak |
Huebschmann and cols. (2009) (3737 Huebschmann AG, Reis EN, Emsermann C, Dickinson LM, Reusch JE, Bauer TA, et al. Women with type 2 diabetes perceive harder effort during exercise than nondiabetic women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009 Oct;34(5):851-7. doi: 10.1139/H09-074. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-074...
) |
13 |
26 |
W |
3.9 ± 3.9 |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 0 Wt, increments 10 Wt/min., cadence at 60 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Iborra and cols. (2008) (2929 Iborra RT, Ribeiro IC, Neves MQ, Charf AM, Lottenberg SA, Negrão CE, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves the role of high-density lipoprotein antioxidant and reduces plasma lipid peroxidation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2008 Dec;18(6):742-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00748.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007...
) |
14 |
12 |
M/W |
9.0 ± 4.0 |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increased 10-15 Wt/min. |
VO2 peak |
Jae and cols. (2016) (2323 Jae SY, Franklin BA, Choo J, Yoon ES, Choi YH, Park WH. Fitness, Body Habitus, and the Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Korean Men. Am J Cardiol. 2016 Feb 15;117(4):585-9. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.11.046. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.1...
) |
170 |
3600 |
M |
NR |
No |
NR |
Treadmill |
Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Karavelioglu and cols. (2013) (8787 Karavelioglu Y, Karapinar H, Gul İ, Kucukdurmaz Z, Yilmaz A, Akpek M, et al. Blood pressure response to exercise is exaggerated in normotensive diabetic patients. Blood Press. 2013 Feb;22(1):21-6. doi: 10.3109/08037051.2012.701045. https://doi.org/10.3109/08037051.2012.70...
) |
67 |
68 |
M/W |
5.2 ± 4.1 |
Age and gender |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Treadmill |
Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Kasumov and cols. (2015) (3838 Kasumov T, Solomon TP, Hwang C, Huang H, Haus JM, Zhang R, et al. Improved insulin sensitivity after exercise training is linked to reduced plasma C14:0 ceramide in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Jul;23(7):1414-21. doi: 10.1002/oby.21117. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21117...
) |
10 |
14 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Insulin |
Treadmill |
Incremental |
VO2 max |
Kennedy and cols. (1999) (2222 Kennedy JW, Hirshman MF, Gervino EV, Ocel JV, Forse RA, Hoenig SJ, et al. Acute exercise induces GLUT4 translocation in skeletal muscle of normal human subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 1999 May;48(5):1192-7. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.48.5.1192. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.48.5.11...
) |
5 |
5 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental (2-min. stages) |
VO2 max |
Lalande and cols. (2008) (3939 Lalande S, Gusso S, Hofman PL, Baldi JC. Reduced leg blood flow during submaximal exercise in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Apr;40(4):612-7. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318161aa99. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318161...
) |
8 |
11 |
M |
5.0 ± 8.4 |
Weight and habitual activity level |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 40 Wt, increases 15 Wt/min. |
VO2 max |
Larsen and cols. (2009) (5151 Larsen S, Ara I, Rabøl R, Andersen JL, Boushel R, Dela F, et al. Are substrate use during exercise and mitochondrial respiratory capacity decreased in arm and leg muscle in type 2 diabetes? Diabetologia. 2009 Jul;52(7):1400-8. doi: 10.1007/s00125-009-1353-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-009-1353-...
) |
8 |
15 |
M |
4.0 ± 2.8 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Mac Ananey and cols. (2011) (4040 Mac Ananey O, Malone J, Warmington S, O'Shea D, Green S, Egaña M. Cardiac output is not related to the slowed O2 uptake kinetics in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Jun;43(6):935-42. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3182061cdb. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318206...
) |
9 |
20 |
W |
1-5years |
No |
Antidiabetics, insulin, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 40 Wt, increases 20 Wt each 3 min., cadence 60 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Madsen and cols. (2015) (4141 Madsen SM, Thorup AC, Overgaard K, Jeppesen PB. High Intensity Interval Training Improves Glycaemic Control and Pancreatic β Cell Function of Type 2 Diabetes Patients. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 10;10(8):e0133286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.013...
) |
10 |
13 |
M/W |
NR |
Age, height, and weight |
Antidiabetics, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 80-100 Wt, increases 15 W/min., cadence 60 rpm. |
VO2 max |
Martin and cols. (1995) (1010 Martin IK, Katz A, Wahren J. Splanchnic and muscle metabolism during exercise in NIDDM patients. Am J Physiol. 1995 Sep;269(3 Pt 1):E583-90. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269.3.E583. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1995.269...
) |
8 |
7 |
M |
4.7 ± 3.6 |
Age and weight |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Meex and cols. (2010) (4242 Meex RC, Schrauwen-Hinderling VB, Moonen-Kornips E, Schaart G, Mensink M, Phielix E, et al. Restoration of muscle mitochondrial function and metabolic flexibility in type 2 diabetes by exercise training is paralleled by increased myocellular fat storage and improved insulin sensitivity. Diabetes. 2010 Mar;59(3):572-9. doi: 10.2337/db09-1322. https://doi.org/10.2337/db09-1322...
) |
18 |
20 |
M |
3.9 ± 16.5 |
Age, weight, and BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Constant cadence 80 ± 5 rpm. At Wmax previously estimated. |
VO2 max |
Meneilly and cols. (1996) (8888 Meneilly GS, Elliott T, Tessier D, Hards L, Tildesley H. NIDDM in the elderly. Diabetes Care. 1996 Dec;19(12):1320-5. doi: 10.2337/diacare.19.12.1320. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.19.12.13...
) |
33 |
25 |
M/W |
3.0 ± 5.7 |
Age and weight |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 16.6 Wt each 30s. |
VO2 max |
Meneilly and cols. (1999) (8989 Meneilly GS, Elliott T. Metabolic alterations in middle-aged and elderly obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1999 Jan;22(1):112-8. doi: 10.2337/diacare.22.1.112. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.1.112...
) |
34 |
19 |
M/W |
3.0 ± 4.3 |
Age and weight |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 16.6 Wt each 30s. |
VO2 max |
Mogensen and cols. (2009) (5252 Mogensen M, Vind BF, Højlund K, Beck-Nielsen H, Sahlin K. Maximal lipid oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes is normal and shows an adequate increase in response to aerobic training. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2009 Sep;11(9):874-83. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01063.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009...
) |
12 |
11 |
M |
3.9 ± 3.1 |
Age and weight |
Antidiabetics, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 60-70% HRmax, increases 30 Wt each 3 min., cadence of 60 rpm |
VO2 max |
Oberbach and cols. (2006) (6767 Oberbach A, Bossenz Y, Lehmann S, Niebauer J, Adams V, Paschke R, et al. Altered fiber distribution and fiber-specific glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activity in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006 Apr;29(4):895-900. doi: 10.2337/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1854. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.29.04.06...
) |
10 |
15 |
M/W |
NR |
Age and BMI |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Graded |
VO2 max |
O'Connor and cols. (2012) (5454 O'Connor E, Kiely C, O'Shea D, Green S, Egana M. Similar level of impairment in exercise performance and oxygen uptake kinetics in middle-aged men and women with type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2012 Jul 1;303(1):R70-6. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00012.2012. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00012.20...
) |
32 |
32 |
M/W |
5.1 ± 2.6 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 40 Wt, increases 30 Wt each 3 min., cadence 60 rpm |
VO2 peak |
O'Connor and cols. (2015) (5353 O'Connor E, Green S, Kiely C, O'Shea D, Egana M. Differential effects of age and type 2 diabetes on dynamic vs. peak response of pulmonary oxygen uptake during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015 Apr 15;118(8):1031-9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01040.2014. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.010...
) |
33 |
21 |
M |
3.9 ± 2.5 |
Age |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 peak |
Pinna and cols. (2021) (9090 Pinna V, Doneddu A, Roberto S, Magnani S, Ghiani G, Mulliri G, et al. Combined mental task and metaboreflex impair cerebral oxygenation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2021 Apr 1;320(4):R488-99. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00288.2020. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00288.20...
) |
13 |
13 |
M/W |
At least 1 year |
Age and sex |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 max |
Regensteiner and cols. (1995) (5555 Regensteiner JG, Sippel J, McFarling ET, Wolfel EE, Hiatt WR. Effects of non-insulin-dependent diabetes on oxygen consumption during treadmill exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1995 Jun;27(6):875-81.) |
10 |
10 |
M/W |
6.7 ± 6.8 |
Age, gender, weight, and physical activity |
Antidiabetics |
Treadmill |
Modified Naughton |
VO2 max |
Regensteiner and cols. (1998) (5656 Regensteiner JG, Bauer TA, Reusch JE, Brandenburg SL, Sippel JM, Vogelsong AM, et al. Abnormal oxygen uptake kinetic responses in women with type II diabetes mellitus. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1998 Jul;85(1):310-7. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.310. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1....
) |
10 |
20 |
W |
3.0 ± 2.0 |
Age, gender, weight, and physical activity |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10 Wt/min. |
VO2 max |
Regensteiner and cols. (2009) (5757 Regensteiner JG, Bauer TA, Reusch JE, Quaife RA, Chen MY, Smith SC, et al. Cardiac dysfunction during exercise in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 May;41(5):977-84. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181942051. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318194...
) |
10 |
10 |
W |
3.6 ± 0 |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10 Wt/min. |
VO2 peak |
Regensteiner and cols. (2015) (4343 Regensteiner JG, Bauer TA, Huebschmann AG, Herlache L, Weinberger HD, Wolfel EE, et al. Sex differences in the effects of type 2 diabetes on exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015 Jan;47(1):58-65. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000371. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.000000000000...
) |
29 |
34 |
M/W |
3.1 ± 2.8 |
No |
Antidiabetics and statins |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10-25 Wt/min. |
VO2 peak |
Ribeiro and cols. (2008) (1111 Ribeiro IC, Iborra RT, Neves MQ, Lottenberg SA, Charf AM, Nunes VS, et al. HDL atheroprotection by aerobic exercise training in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 May;40(5):779-86. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181632d2d. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e318163...
) |
21 |
11 |
M/W |
8.6 ± 8.2 |
No |
Antidiabetics, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10-15 Wt/min. |
VO2 max |
Scalzo and cols. (2018) (4444 Scalzo RL, Bauer TA, Harrall K, Moreau K, Ozemek C, Herlache L, et al. Acute vitamin C improves cardiac function, not exercise capacity, in adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2018 Feb 14;10:7. doi: 10.1186/s13098-018-0306-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-018-0306-...
) |
31 |
21 |
M/W |
NR |
BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increases 10-20 Wt/min. |
VO2 peak |
Scalzo and cols. (2022) (4949 Scalzo RL, Schauer IE, Rafferty D, Knaub LA, Kvaratskhelia N, Johnson TK, et al. Single-leg exercise training augments in vivo skeletal muscle oxidative flux and vascular content and function in adults with type 2 diabetes. J Physiol. 2022 Feb;600(4):963-78. doi: 10.1113/JP280603. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280603...
) |
19 |
22 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 peak |
Scheede-Bergdahl and cols. (2009) (9191 Scheede-Bergdahl C, Benee Olsen D, Reving D, Boushel R, Dela F. Cardiovascular disease markers in type 2 diabetes: the effects of a moderate home-based exercise training programme. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2009 Oct;6(4):291-6. doi: 10.1177/1479164109341689. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164109341689...
) |
12 |
9 |
M |
5.1 ± 3.8 |
Age, weight, and body fat |
Antidiabetics, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 peak |
Scheede-Bergdahl and cols. (2014) (4545 Scheede-Bergdahl C, Bergdahl A, Schjerling P, Qvortrup K, Koskinen SO, Dela F. Exercise-induced regulation of matrix metalloproteinases in the skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2014 Sep;11(5):324-34. doi: 10.1177/1479164114535943. https://doi.org/10.1177/1479164114535943...
) |
12 |
9 |
M |
5.1 ± 3.8 |
No |
Antidiabetics, statins and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 peak |
Schneider and cols. (1984) (4646 Schneider SH, Amorosa LF, Khachadurian AK, Ruderman NB. Studies on the mechanism of improved glucose control during regular exercise in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia. 1984 May;26(5):355-60. doi: 10.1007/BF00266036. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00266036...
) |
20 |
11 |
M |
NR |
Age, gender, and weight |
None |
Cycle ergometer |
Workload increments of 25 Wt, each 3 min. |
VO2 max |
Schneider and cols. (1988) (3030 Schneider SH, Kim HC, Khachadurian AK, Ruderman NB. Impaired fibrinolytic response to exercise in type II diabetes: effects of exercise and physical training. Metabolism. 1988 Oct;37(10):924-9. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90148-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(88)901...
) |
16 |
9 |
M/W |
NR |
Age, gender, and weight |
None |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Schreuder and cols. (2014) (6868 Schreuder TH, Maessen MF, Tack CJ, Thijssen DH, Hopman MT. Life-long physical activity restores metabolic and cardiovascular function in type 2 diabetes. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014 Mar;114(3):619-27. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2794-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2794-...
) |
27 |
9 |
M |
NR |
Age, gender, and weight |
Antidiabetics, insulin, statins, and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 10 Wt, increases 10 Wt/min., cadence 60-80 rpm |
VO2 max |
Segerstrom and cols. (2011) (6969 Segerström ÅB, Elgzyri T, Eriksson KF, Groop L, Thorsson O, Wollmer P. Exercise capacity in relation to body fat distribution and muscle fibre distribution in elderly male subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and matched controls. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Oct;94(1):57-63. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.05.022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2011.0...
) |
39 |
53 |
M |
NR |
Age |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 30 Wt, increases 15 Wt/min., cadence 60 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Simões and cols. (2010) (1313 Simões HG, Moreira SR, Moffatt RJ, Campbell CS. Methods to identify the anaerobic threshold for type-2 diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010 Jan;94(1):71-8. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2010000100012. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x201000...
) |
10 |
10 |
NR |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 15 Wt, increases 15 Wt each 3 min. |
VO2 max |
Simões and cols. (2013) (4747 Simões HG, Asano RY, Sales MM, Browne RA, Arsa G, Motta-Santos D, et al. Type 2 diabetes elicits lower nitric oxide, bradykinin concentration and kallikrein activity together with higher DesArg(9)-BK and reduced post-exercise hypotension compared to non-diabetic condition. PLoS One. 2013 Nov 12;8(11):e80348. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080348. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.008...
) |
10 |
10 |
M/W |
6.0 ±1.1 |
Age, weight, and BMI |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 15 Wt, increases 15 Wt each 3 min. |
VO2 peak |
Suk and cols. (2015) (9292 Suk MH, Moon YJ, Park SW, Park CY, Shin YA. Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate during Exercise in Korean Women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2015 Aug;39(4):328-34. doi: 10.4093/dmj.2015.39.4.328. https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.4.32...
) |
12 |
12 |
W |
7.8 ± 2.1 |
BMI |
None |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 20% of Wmax, increments 30-60% Wmax each 3 min. |
VO2 max |
Tadic and cols. (2021) (6565 Tadic M, Suzic-Lazic J, Vukomanovic V, Cuspidi C, Ilic S, Celic V. Functional capacity and left ventricular diastolic function in patients with type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2021 Jan;58(1):107-13. doi: 10.1007/s00592-020-01600-x. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-020-01600...
) |
30 |
55 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Treadmill |
Modified Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Tobin and cols. (2008) (9393 Tobin LW, Kiens B, Galbo H. The effect of exercise on postprandial lipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008 Feb;102(3):361-70. doi: 10.1007/s00421-007-0587-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-007-0587-...
) |
8 |
7 |
M |
4.9 ± 3.3 |
Age, gender, and BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Graded |
VO2 max |
Van Tienen and cols. (2012) (6161 van Tienen FH, Praet SF, de Feyter HM, van den Broek NM, Lindsey PJ, Schoonderwoerd KG, et al. Physical activity is the key determinant of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):3261-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-3454. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-3454...
) |
8 |
12 |
M |
12.5 ± 7.7 |
Age, weight, and BMI |
NR |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 peak |
Vind and cols. (2011) (9494 Vind BF, Pehmøller C, Treebak JT, Birk JB, Hey-Mogensen M, Beck-Nielsen H, et al. Impaired insulin-induced site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1 domain family, member 4 (TBC1D4) in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetes patients is restored by endurance exercise-training. Diabetologia. 2011 Jan;54(1):157-67. doi: 10.1007/s00125-010-1924-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1924-...
) |
13 |
13 |
M |
3.7 ± 2.8 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 60-70% HRmax, increases 30 Wt each 3 min., cadence of 60 rpm |
VO2 peak |
Vukomanovic and cols. (2020) (9595 Vukomanovic V, Suzic-Lazic J, Celic V, Cuspidi C, Grassi G, Galderisi M, et al. Is there association between left atrial function and functional capacity in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes? Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020 Jan;36(1):15-22. doi: 10.1007/s10554-019-01680-z. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10554-019-01680...
) |
64 |
72 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
NR |
Treadmill |
Modified Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Vukomanovic and cols. (2019) (9696 Vukomanovic V, Suzic-Lazic J, Celic V, Cuspidi C, Petrovic T, Grassi G, et al. The relationship between functional capacity and left ventricular strain in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens. 2019 Sep;37(9):1871-6. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002125. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.000000000000...
) |
70 |
80 |
M/W |
3 (1-5) |
No |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Treadmill |
Modified Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Vukomanovic and cols. (2019) (9797 Vukomanovic V, Suzic-Lazic J, Celic V, Cuspidi C, Petrovic T, Ilic S, et al. Association between functional capacity and heart rate variability in patients with uncomplicated type 2 diabetes. Blood Press. 2019 Jun;28(3):184-90. doi: 10.1080/08037051.2019.1586431. https://doi.org/10.1080/08037051.2019.15...
) |
53 |
62 |
M/W |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Treadmill |
Modified Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Wilkerson and cols. (2011) (4848 Wilkerson DP, Poole DC, Jones AM, Fulford J, Mawson DM, Ball CI, et al. Older type 2 diabetic males do not exhibit abnormal pulmonary oxygen uptake and muscle oxygen utilization dynamics during submaximal cycling exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011 Mar;300(3):R685-92. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00479.2010. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00479.20...
) |
12 |
12 |
M |
<5 years |
Age and weight |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
Ramp (15 Wt/min.) |
VO2 max |
Wilmot and cols. (2014) (1414 Wilmot EG, Leggate M, Khan JN, Yates T, Gorely T, Bodicoat DH, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in young adults: the extreme phenotype with early cardiovascular dysfunction. Diabet Med. 2014 Jul;31(7):794-8. doi: 10.1111/dme.12431. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.12431...
) |
20 |
20 |
M/W |
4.7 ± 4.0 |
Age |
Antidiabetics and antihypertensives |
Cycle ergometer |
NR |
VO2 max |
Wilson and cols. (2017) (5858 Wilson GA, Wilkins GT, Cotter JD, Lamberts RR, Lal S, Baldi JC. Impaired ventricular filling limits cardiac reserve during submaximal exercise in people with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017 Dec 19;16(1):160. doi: 10.1186/s12933-017-0644-1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-017-0644-...
) |
17 |
16 |
M/W |
8.3 ± 9.5 |
Age, gender, BMI, physical activity |
Antidiabetics and insulin |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 25-50 Wt, increases 25-50 Wt each 1min |
VO2 peak |
Yu and cols. (2016) (7070 Yu TY, Jee JH, Bae JC, Hong WJ, Jin SM, Kim JH, et al. Delayed heart rate recovery after exercise as a risk factor of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus after adjusting for glycometabolic parameters in men. Int J Cardiol. 2016 Oct 15;221:17-22. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06...
) |
180 |
1594 |
NR |
NR |
Age and gender |
NR |
Treadmill |
Bruce |
VO2 peak |
Zbinden-Foncea and cols. (2013) (6363 Zbinden-Foncea H, van Loon LJ, Raymackers JM, Francaux M, Deldicque L. Contribution of nonesterified fatty acids to mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in human skeletal muscle during endurance exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2013 Jun;23(3):201-9. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.23.3.201. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.3.201...
) |
10 |
5 |
NR |
NR |
No |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Incremental |
VO2 max |
Zierath and cols. (1996) (7272 Zierath JR, He L, Gumà A, Odegoard Wahlström E, Klip A, Wallberg-Henriksson H. Insulin action on glucose transport and plasma membrane GLUT4 content in skeletal muscle from patients with NIDDM. Diabetologia. 1996 Oct;39(10):1180-9. doi: 10.1007/BF02658504. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02658504...
) |
7 |
7 |
M |
5 ± 5.2 |
Age and BMI |
Antidiabetics |
Cycle ergometer |
Initial workload 50 Wt, increases 50 Wt each 5 min. |
VO2 max |