Alves and cols. (22) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
1985-1990 Year of publication: 2005 |
15,131 newborns 7,797 males, 7,328 females Location:
Ribeirão Preto, SP |
Umbilical cord blood for TSH and T4 dosage UIE sample 24
hours (S-K reaction) in 141 newborns |
1/141 infants had TSH level equal to 19.4 µIU/mL. The UI
ranged between 2.1 and 194 µg/L |
5 |
Newborns were subjected to borderline IDD |
Correa Filho and cols. (23) Cross-sectional study Year of
study: 1994-1996 Year of publication: 2002 |
178,774 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years Location: 428 cities
of all Brazilian states |
UIE and table salt evaluation Palpation for goiter
assessment |
7,702/16,803 were evaluated of urine samples collected for
UI measurement. The median UI level was 14.0 µg/dL. The
median UI level for the population in the states of AC, AM,
and TO was equal to or below 9.0 µg/dL |
6 |
33% of schoolchildren had some degree of IDD and in 12%, UIE
levels were less than 5 µg/dL, characterized severe
deficiency |
Esteves (24) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 1996 Year
of publication: 1997 |
16,803 schoolchildren aged 6-14 years, both sexes Location:
schods publics of 401 cities in all Brazilian states |
UIE (adapted S-K method) |
We observed IDD in 85 cities, moderate DDI (≥ 25 and < 50
µg/L) in Cocos in Bahia, and Almas, Arraias and Paraná in
Tocantins, and to mild (values ≥ 50 and < 100 µg/L). In
the other 35 counties, median values were normal, but more
than 10% of children had urine iodine levels below 25
μg/L |
4 |
Mild to moderate IDD in 30% of the cities |
Barca and cols. (25) Cohort Year of study: 1998 Year of
publication: 2001 |
800 pregnant women. 386 puerperal healthy women was
followed-up regularly at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months Location:
public hospital in Sao Paulo, SP |
TSH, FT4, Tg, anti-Tg and anti-TPO antibodies. Thyroid
ultrasound UIE (S-K reaction) |
The median UI excretion was 167.8 μg/L |
7 |
Adequate iodine nutritional status. No correlation with
TPP |
Nimer and cols. (26) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
1996 Year of publication: 2002 |
280 schoolchildren Location: two elementary schools, one
private and one public of Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais |
UIE (adapted S-K. method) Measure levels iodine of salt |
The concentration levels of UI were normal in 92.2% of
private school students and 42.6% of public school
children |
4 |
Iodine status was drastically different between private and
public school students |
Pretell and cols. (16) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
1998-2000 Year of publication: 2004 |
1,563 schoolchildren Location: 17 sentinel sites distributed
in 8 states (PA, MA, TO, GO, MT, MS, MG and ES*) |
UIE by Pino and cols. method (26) Table salt Thyroid
ultrasounds |
UIE was < 50 µg/L in 2.3%, 29.1% of 200-299 µg/L and
70.6% with UI > 300 µg/L. The median UI concentrations of
360 µg/L |
7 |
Iodine excess was more prevalent |
Saab (27) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 1998-2000
Year of publication: 2000 |
1,000 school children Location: Mato Grosso do Sul |
UIE (S-K reaction). TSH and FT4, Tg, anti-Tg and anti-TPO
antibodies Assessment of goiter by palpation Thyroid
ultrasound |
Had UI lower than 50 µg/dL. The total number of samples with
values below UI 5 µg/dL. In 95.2% UI > 10 µg/dL, 22.1%
> 30 µg/dL |
6 |
Goiter prevalence was low.UIE was above the recommended
iodine content in salt was adequate |
Marino and cols.** (28) Year of study: 2002-2003 Year of
publication: 2009 |
13 adults aged 22-63 years Location: city of Santo André,
SP |
T3, T4, FT4, TSH, A-Tg, A-TPO, TSHR. UIE (S-K reaction) |
2 subjects with deficiency (60 µg/L and 66 µg/L), 5 with
excess (360-490 µg/L), 6 subjects with adequate UIE (150-295
µg/L) |
7 |
Iodine adequate sufficiency with an UIE mean of 262.31
µg/L |
Duarte (29) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 2003-2007
Year of publication: 2007 |
964 school children Location: public schools in six cities
in Sao Paulo (Taubaté, Registro, Ribeirão Preto, São José do
Rio Preto, Araçatuba, Presidente Prudente) |
Thyroid ultrasound UIE (S-K method modified) |
UIE was < 100 µg/L in 1.5%, 21.6% of 100-299 and 76.7%
with UIE > 300 µg/L |
6 |
Excessive iodine intake in students from Sao Paulo |
Soares and cols. (30) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2003-2005 Year of publication: 2008 |
147 pregnant women Location: Public health care clinics of
Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul |
Measurement of UIE (S-K reaction) and creatinina Thyroid
ultrasound FT4 and Tg |
Mean UI was 226 ± 87 μg/L and median UI was 224 μg/L. UIE
levels ranged from 22 μg/L to 534 μg/L. Twenty-nine women
(19.6%) had UI below 150 µg/L |
6 |
19.7% had insufficient iodine intake. No correlation between
serum FT4, Tg and TV with UIE |
Navarro and cols. (31) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2004 Year of publication: 2010 |
145 schoolchildren, 79 from rural areas and 66 from urban
area Location: Botucatu, Sao Paulo |
UIE (S-K reaction) and table salt |
IDD was detected in 3,4% and 3% of children from the rural
and urban school, respectively. UI greater then 300 μg/L was
detected in 62,3% and 90,9% of students from the rural and
urban school, respectively |
6 |
IDD is controlled in school children, with high prevalence
of UIE excess |
Camargo and cols. (32) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2004 Year of publication: 2008 |
1,085 individuals aged 20-87 years Location: metropolitan
area in Sao Paulo (houses randomly selected) |
UIE (S-K method) and table salt Thyroid ultrasound TSH,
TPOAb |
UIE ≥ 300 in 45.6%, 14.1% had UIE greater than 400. The
prevalence of CAT was 16,9% |
8 |
High prevalence of iodine excess and CAT |
Carvalho and cols. (33) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2004 to 2007 Year of publication: 2012 |
828 schoolchildren Location: Botucatu, Sao Paulo |
Determination of UIE casual urine sample (adapted S-K
method) |
Only 1.9% had low values of urinary iodine (100 µg/L), while
24.6% had UI excretion values between 200 and 300 µg/L, and
67.1% had values above 300 µg/L |
6 |
High excessive iodine intake rate in school children |
Vanacor and cols. (34) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2005-2007 Year of publication: 2008 |
60 subjects Location: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre,
Rio Grande do Sul |
Four urine samples from each participant (completing 24 h
-UIE) Dietary history UIE, creatine (Cr) and Na+ levels were
measured in the 4 partial urine samples and in the 24h urine
sample |
The UIE and sodium excretions were variable along the
24-hour period. The correlation between the total iodine and
sodium excretions was very strong |
4 |
The UIE is variable during the daytime. Between lunch and
dinner, it seems to better reflect the 24-hour UI. The
casual urine sample collection in this period would probably
be the best for the iodine nutritional status
evaluation |
Pontes and Adan (35) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
not described Year of publication: 2006 |
180 schoolchildren Location: public schools from Cabaceiras,
Paraíba |
Questionnaire nutritional UIE (Rapid Urinary Iodine
Test®) |
31.6% of scholars used cassava in their meals with a
frequency larger than three times a week. 33.3% scholars
presented UIE ≤ 100 µg/L |
2 |
Goitrogenic foods are higerly consumed. One third of school
children had low UI levels less than 100 µg/L |
Alves and cols. (36) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2007-2008 Year of publication: 2010 |
300 schoolchildren Location: public schools of different
socioeconomic levels from Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo |
UIE (S-K reaction) and table salt Thyroid ultrasound |
100% of the urine samples had UI values greater than 100
µg/L, 59.5% of subjects had values above 300 µg/L |
5 |
Iodine sufficiency in Ribeirão Preto school children
population. UIE showed excess in 59,5% |
Macedo and cols. (37) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2008 Year of publication: 2012 |
475 children Location: Novo Cruzeiro, Minas Gerais |
UIE (S-K reaction) and table salt |
IDD prevalence was 34.4%, 23.5% (mild), 5.9 (moderate) and
5% (severe) |
7 |
IDD prevalence of 34,4% |
Macedo (38) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 2008 Year
of publication: 2010 |
540 school children Location: Novo Cruzeiro, Minas
Gerais |
UIE (S-K method) and table salt |
IDD prevalence was 38.9% (28.7% mild, 6.2% moderate and 4%
severe) |
8 |
High rate of IDD of 38,9%. Need to evaluated control as
disease |
Milhoransa and cols. (39). Cross-sectional study Year of
study: 2009 Year of publication: 2010 |
47 healthy individuals, 22 men and 25 women, aged 18 years
or older Location: Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rio
Grande do Sul |
UIE in 24h samples (S-K reaction) Evaluation of the content
of creatinine, sodium, and 18 subjects with one, 15 with
two, and 14 with three collections of urine samples/24h |
2/14 women had 24-h UIE below 138 µg/24h in the three
samples studied |
6 |
UIE is adequate in the group of 14 people, however, the UIE
two women suggests IDD |
Lima and cols. (40) Cross-sectional study Year of study:
2009 Year of publication: 2013 |
33 infants (less than 6 months of age) and their mothers.
Location: Guariba, Sao Paulo. |
UIE and levels in the urine and maternal milk were assessed
by ICP-MS Table salt |
The median UIE value in the infants was 293 µg/L; the mean
iodine concentration was 206 µg/L in the maternal milk and
39.9 mg I/kg in the salt |
3 |
The median infant UIE was elevated due to the high iodine
concentration present in the maternal milk. High iodine
values were caused by high salt iodine levels, which should
be reduced |
Rates (41) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 2009 Year of
publication: 2010 |
428 schoolchildren aged 10-19 years (63.3% female and 36.7%)
Location: public schools of Vespasian, Minas Gerais |
Anthropometry. UIE (S-K reaction) |
4.4% with IDD, 28.7% with appropriate indices, 46.7% more
than adequate and 20.1% excessive |
6 |
The excessive concentrations of iodine in the urine were
associated with female gender, adequate percentage of iodine
in salt and overweight or obesity |
Almeida (42) Cross-sectional study Year of study: 2011- 2012
Year of publication: 2013 |
125 newborns Location: Hospital Universitário Cassiano
Antônio Moraes, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo,
Vitoria, ES |
UIE (S-K reaction) TSH, FT4, Tg, anti-TPO, anti-TG and
anti-TSH receptor (TRAb) |
The average TSH was 1.74. The average FT4 was 1.99
ng/mL |
6 |
All 125 neonates were euthyroid and had normal UIE |
Ferreira (43) Case-control study Year of study: 2008-2009
Year of publication: 2011 |
191 pregnant women aged 18 years and gestational age up to
14 weeks Location: Health Center Street School Cuiabá and
School Health Center of Avenida Dom Pedro, Ribeirão Preto,
Sao Paulo |
UIE (S-K reaction) TSH, FT4 and total T4 |
19 (9.9%) pregnant women had UIE > 250 μg/L, 63 (33%) had
UIE in the normal range (150-250 μg/L), and 109 (57.1%) had
UIE < 150 μg /L |
6 |
IDD was detected in pregnant women, indicating the need for
iodine replacement during prenatal period |