Hamaguchi et al.55. Hamaguchi M, Hashimoto Y, Obora A, Kojima T, Fukui M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with obesity as an independent predictor for incident gastric and colorectal cancer: a population-based longitudinal study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2019;6:e000295. |
2019 |
Japan |
27,944 |
Gastric and colorectal |
Single-center prospective |
6.5 |
2b |
Ultrasound scan |
NAFLD with obesity was a risk factor for both incident gastric cancer and colorectal cancer |
Nseir et al.1414. Nseir W, Abu-Rahmeh Z, Tsipis A, Mograbi J, Mahamid M. Relationship between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Breast Cancer. Isr Med Assoc J. 2017;19:242-5. |
2017 |
Israel |
133 |
Breast |
Single-center cross-sectional |
NA |
3b |
Computed tomography |
Multivariate analysis showed NAFLD to be associated with breast cancer |
Kim et al.1010. Kim GA, Lee HC, Choe J, Kim MJ, Lee MJ, Chang HS, et al. Association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cancer incidence rate. J Hepatol. 2017;S0168-8278:32294-8. |
2017 |
South Korea |
25,947 |
Several |
Single-center prospective |
7.5 |
2b |
Ultrasound scan |
NAFLD was associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer in males, and breast cancer in females |
Chang et al.3636. Chang CF, Tseng YC, Huang HH, Shih YL, Hsieh TY, Lin HH. Exploring the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and pancreatic cancer by computed tomographic survey. Intern Emerg Med. 2018;13:191-7. |
2018 |
Taiwan |
557 |
Pancreatic |
Single-center cross-sectional |
NA |
2c |
Computed tomography |
NAFLD is positively correlated with pancreatic cancer, a result suggesting that NAFLD may increase the incidence and risk of pancreatic cancer. Patients with pancreatic cancer and NAFLD have poorer overall survival than patients without NAFLD |
Hwang et al.4141. Hwang YC, Ahn HY, Park SW, Park CY. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associates With Increased Overall Mortality and Death From Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, and Liver Disease in Women but Not Men. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:1131-7.e5. |
2018 |
South Korea |
318,224 |
Mortality cause by any cancer |
Single-cente-r prospective |
5.7 |
2b |
Ultrasound scan |
NAFLD was associated with increased overall mortality from cancer |
Choi et al.1616. Choi YJ, Lee DH, Han KD, Yoon H, Shin CM, Park YS, et al. Is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with the development of prostate cancer? A nationwide study with 10,516,985 Korean men. PLoS One. 2019;13:e0201308. |
2018 |
South Korea |
10,516,985 |
Prostate |
Nationwide population-based prospective |
5.33 |
2b |
Fatty liver index |
NAFLD may help identify high-risk individuals for developing prostate cancer, even in the absence of obesity or metabolic syndrome |
Kwak et al.1515. Kwak MS, Yim JY, Yi A, Chung GE, Yang JI, Kim D, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with breast cancer in nonobese women. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51:1030-5. |
2019 |
South Korea |
540 |
Breast |
Single-center case-control |
NA |
3b |
Ultrasound scan |
NAFLD was significantly associated with breast cancer independent of traditional risk factors in women without obesity |
Park et al.1313. Park JH, Choi IS, Han KD, Park H, Kim KH, Kim JS. Association Between Fatty Liver Index and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2020;20:e450-e457. |
2020 |
South Korea |
7,046,153 |
Breast |
Nationwide population-based prospective cohort |
7.0 |
2b |
Fatty liver index |
High FLI values significantly associated with increased breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women, but not in premenopausal women |
Choi et al.4242. Choi YJ, Lee DH, Han KD. Association between high fatty liver index and development of colorectal cancer: a nationwide cohort study with 21,592,374 Korean. Korean J Intern Med. 2020;35:1354-63. |
2020 |
South Korea |
21,592,374 |
Colorectal |
Nationwide population-based prospective |
5.3 |
2b |
Fatty liver index |
Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated an independent association between NAFLD and colorectal cancer after adjusting for other confounders. In subgroup analyses, fatty liver index ≥60 was associated with CRC regardless of body mass index, but the association was more prominent in lean persons |
Chiang et al.1717. Chiang CL, Huang HH, Huang TY, Shih YL, Hsieh TY, Lin HH. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Associated With Bladder Cancer. Am J Med Sci. 2020;360:161-5. |
2020 |
Taiwan |
517 |
Bladder |
Single-center case-control |
NA |
3b |
Computed tomography |
NAFLD was positively associated with bladder cancer and was a poor prognostic factor of bladder cancer |
Lee et al.4343. Lee JM, Park YM, Yun JS, Ahn YB, Lee KM, Kim DB, et al. The association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and esophageal, stomach, or colorectal cancer: National population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0226351. |
2020 |
South Korea |
8,120,674 |
Esophageal, gastric, and colorectal |
Nationwide population-based cross-sectional |
NA |
2c |
Fatty liver index |
FLI ≥60 was significantly associated with the development of esophageal, stomach, and colon cancer after multivariable adjustment |
Simon et al.1212. Simon TG, Roelstraete B, Sharma R, Khalili H, Hagström H, Ludvigsson JF. Cancer Risk in Patients With Biopsy-Confirmed Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Hepatology. 2021;74:2410-23. |
2021 |
Sweden |
8,892 |
Several |
Nationwide population-based prospective cohort |
15.5 |
2b |
Liver biopsy |
NAFLD was associated with highly increased rates of HCC and modestly increased rates of pancreatic cancer, kidney/bladder cancer, and melanoma, but no other cancers |
Yamamoto et al.4444. Yamamoto K, Ikeya T, Okuyama S, Fukuda K, Kobayashi D. The association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (with or without metabolic syndrome) and extra-hepatic cancer development. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;36:1971-8. |
2021 |
Japan |
30,172 |
Several |
Single-center retrospective |
14.0 |
2b |
Ultrasound scan |
NAFLD associated with the development of gastrointestinal malignancies, especially in the stomach and small intestine |
Rezende et al.88. Rezende AQM, Gestic MA, Utrini MP, Chaim FDM, Saito HPA, Chaim E, et al. Is there a link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease aspects and pancreatic cancer? Results of a case-matched study. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2021;48:e20202913. |
2021 |
Brazil |
56 |
Pancreatic |
Single-center case-control |
NA |
3b |
Liver Biopsy |
Significant associations were identified between histopathological aspects of NAFLD (microvesicular steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis) and pancreatic cancer |
Lee et al.4545. Lee H, Lee HW, Kim SU, Chang Kim H. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Increases Colon Cancer Risk: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2022;13:e00435. |
2022 |
South Korea |
8,933,017 |
Colorectal |
Nationwide population-based prospective |
10.1 |
2b |
Fatty liver index |
NAFLD was associated with a higher risk of CRC development |
Park et al.4646. Park JH, Hong JY, Han K, Kang W, Park JK. Increased risk of pancreatic cancer in individuals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Sci Rep. 2022;12:10681. |
2022 |
South Korea |
8,120,674 |
Pancreatic |
Nationwide population-based prospective |
7.2 |
2b |
Fatty liver index |
NAFLD was independently associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer, regardless of obesity |