Tratamento endoscópico na estenose da anastomose biliar no pós-transplante hepático: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

Arq Gastroenterol Arquivos de Gastroenterologia Arq. Gastroenterol. 0004-2803 1678-4219 Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia - IBEPEGE, Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgia Digestiva - CBCD, Sociedade Brasileira de Motilidade Digestiva - SBMD, Federação Brasileira de Gastroenterologia - FBG, Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia - SBH, Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva - SOBED Contexto A estenose biliar figura como uma das complicações mais frequentes pós-transplante hepático. São classificadas em anastomóticas e não anastomóticas, sendo estas últimas geralmente isquêmicas. Dentre as várias opções de tratamento, destacam-se a dilatação balonada, a colocação de próteses plásticas e a colocação de próteses metálicas autoexpansíveis, que podem ser realizadas tanto por via endoscópica, como por via percutânea. Não há consenso quanto ao melhor tratamento para a estenose da anastomose biliar. Objetivos O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o resultado do tratamento endoscópico da estenose da anastomose biliar após transplante hepático. Métodos Revisão sistemática da literatura foi realizada sobre o tratamento da estenose da anastomose biliar pós transplante hepático, através do acesso aos bancos de dados pesquisados eletronicamente: Medline - PubMed, EMBASE, Scielo- Lilacs, Cochrane de janeiro de 1966 a abril de 2013. Resultados Não foi encontrado estudo clinico controlado e randomizado. A maioria dos estudos são comparativos retrospectivos ou prospectivos. Um estudo (86 pacientes) avaliou o acesso endoscópico e percutâneo. As taxas de sucesso clínico sustentados foram semelhantes, mas a duração do tratamento foi maior no grupo de acesso percutâneo. Dois estudos (56 pacientes) compararam a dilatação por balão com dilatação por balão e múltiplas próteses plásticas. Não houve diferenças em relação as taxas de sucesso e de complicações clínicas sustentadas. Conclusões A dilatação com balão é tão eficaz quanto a dilatação associada à colocação de múltiplas próteses plásticas para a resolução da estenose da anastomose biliar. Estudos randomizados bem desenhados ainda são necessários para comparar a simples dilatação balonada e a colocação de próteses plásticas. INTRODUCTION Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is a well-accepted treatment of end-stage liver disease. Biliary fistula, anastomotic biliary strictures (ABS)(5, 17) and ischemic biliary lesions(18) figure among the most common complications after OLT. Considering specifically ABS there are some treatment options including balloon dilation, the placement of multiple plastic stents (MPS) and the placement of self-expandable metal stents(6, 9, 10, 15, 18). These modalities can be employed individually or in association. Furthermore the biliary access can be achieved by the percutaneous route (PTC) or retrogradely by the endoscopic route (ERC). It is recognized that ERC is the approach of choice when the complication involves an end-to-end biliary anastomosis. However it is not clear which treatment modality presents the best result. On the other hand when less invasive treatment fails surgical hepaticojejunal anastomosis is usually indicated. Despite the rather high incidence of ABS after OLT and the lack of a well-established treatment algorithm there is a paucity of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews on the subject. Thus, the aims of this study were to systematically review the literature concerning ABS after OLT and to organize a meta-analysis with the results. METHODS Study identification and selection A systematic review of the literature was performed on the management of ABS post-OLT. The Medline-PubMed, EMBASE, Scielo-LILACS, and Cochrane Databases were electronically searched from January 1966 to April 2013. The terms for each group were sought in combination using the “OR” boolean operator. The results for the search terms which formed the “P” (Patients) group were combined with the result for the search which formed the “I” (Intervention) group, using the “AND” boolean operator, and subsequently with the “exclusion key words” using the “NOT” boolean operator (Figure 1). FIGURE 1. The terms used on PubMed database search were developed using patient, intervention, comparison or control, outcome (PICO) structure   Terms search PubMed database Patients OR /AND (Post-liver transplantation OR Liver transplantation OR Liver transplant OR Hepatic Transplantation OR Liver Grafting AND Constrictions, Pathologic OR Stricture OR Strictures OR Stenose OR Stenoses OR Stenosis) Intervention OR / AND AND (percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage OR percutaneous interventions OR percutaneous treatment OR drainage OR percutaneous OR Stents OR Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde OR ERCP OR Cholangiography) Exclusion NOT NOT (artery OR hepatic artery) The MEDLINE search was performed through PubMed (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed) and was adapted by using the terms and Mesh-terms (Post-liver transplantation or Liver transplantation or Liver transplant or Hepatic Transplantation or Liver Grafting) and (Constrictions, Pathologic or Stricture* or Stenose* or Stenosis*) and (Liver Transplantation or Hepatic Transplantation or Liver Grafting) and (Stents or Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde or ERCP or Cholangiography) or (Post-liver transplantation or Liver transplantation or Liver transplant or Hepatic Transplantation or Liver Grafting) and (Constrictions, Pathologic or Stricture* or Stenose* or Stenosis*) or ((Post-liver transplantation or Liver transplantation or Liver transplant or Hepatic Transplantation or Liver Grafting) and (percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or percutaneous interventions or percutaneous treatment or drainage or percutaneous). This initial search was followed by a more specific and detailed one in accordance with our patient, intervention, comparison or control, outcome (PICO) structure using these terms and Mesh-terms observed in Figure 1. The same strategy was used in the Embase (www.embase.com) and LILACS (http://lilacs.bvsalud.org) databases. The Cochrane Library Database was searched for both registered and already published systematic reviews on the treatment of ABS after OLT. We included clinical studies involving adult and pediatric patients who were treated for ABS after OLT (either cadaveric or living donor organs). The quality of the studies was evaluated by two independent researchers (LSN and WMB). In case of disagreement the researchers held a consensus meeting to reach a final decision. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board. Inclusion and exclusion criteria The research questions and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed using a PICO structure. Only comparative clinical studies within the limits of the PICO structure were included. We excluded studies with ischemic biliary lesions, artery constriction and surgical treatment. Critical evaluation and quality of studies A critical evaluation of the quality of the studies was conducted, aiming to evaluate the strength of evidence and the validity of their inclusion in this review. The level of evidence and the New Castle score (Ottawa Quality Assessment Cohort Studies)(16) was used, and only studies with a score equal to or greater than six were included in this review. Statistical analysis The measures of effectiveness of each treatment were expressed in absolute numbers and respective frequencies, i.e., the absolute risk. For the meta-analysis the results obtained from the included papers were compared by using the difference in absolute risks, adopting a confidence interval of 95% and a statistical significant level of P<0.05. Heterogeneity and sensitivity analysis Inconsistencies between studies were estimated using the chi-squared test for heterogeneity, and quantified using the I2 test. A value above 50% was considered significant. A sensitivity analysis was performed, including only studies that obtained results with power >80%. RESULTS Study selection By using the search strategy, 3655 articles were initially retrieved. Their abstracts were reviewed and 13 studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria (Figure 2). Finally we extracted the data from 5 comparative studies to calculate the meta-analysis (Figure 3). No systematic reviews or meta-analysis on the treatment of ABS after OLT were found in the Cochrane Library. FIGURE 2. Diagram of this systematic review showing the initial steps to select the articles and the included and excluded citations FIGURE 3. The PICO structure developed using a population, intervention, comparison and outcome The studies selected for meta-analysis are in bold. LT: liver transplantation; KMP: Kumpe; BD: balloon dilation; EP: plastic endoprosthesis; BS: biliary stricture; AS: anastomotic stricture; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; LDLT: living donor liver transplantation; DDLT: deceased-donor liver transplantation; ABS: anastomotic biliary strictures; OLT: orthotopic liver transplantation; ECP: Endoscopic cholangioplasty; PCP: percutaneous cholangioplasty. Study Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Chang JH et al.(1) 2012 Patients with a biliary stricture after living donor LT Rendezvous technique - percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage catheters for inside stents Guidewire group vs KMP catheter Rendezvous technique use KMP catheter was a fast and safe Zoepf T et al.(18) 2012 Adult patients underwent LT (ischemic-type biliary lesions) Endoscopic intervention BD vs combination implantation of a BD+EP BD+EP was successful in 5 of 16 (31%) and BD alone in 30 of 32 patients (91%; P = 0.0027) Tarantino I et al.(15) 2012 Benign biliary stricture Fully covered self-expandable metal stents After endoscopic therapy vs no previous endoscopic treatment Effective for refractory benign biliary strictures Giampalma E et al.(3) 2012 Post-LT biliary stricture (BSs) Percutaneous treatmentBilioplasty and were refractory to bilioplasty, metallic stents Ischemic and nonischemic biliary stenoses Ischemic stricture needs closer follow up Li QY et al.(11) 2011 AS after LT ERCP Intrahepatic biliary dilation vs AS without intrahepatic biliary dilation ERCP is not effective in AS without intrahepatic biliary dilation after LT Kim J et al.(6)2010 Biliary anastomotic strictures following LDLT Percutaneous treatment Covered retrievable stent placement vs drainage catheter placement for treating biliary anastomotic strictures Covered retrievable stents has an acceptable clinical success rate with shorter treatment duration Tabibian JH et al.(14) 2010 Post LT anastomotic biliary strictures ERCP ERCP with balloon dilation and maximal stenting Maximal stenting protocol for ABSs is effective, safe, rarely associated with ABS recurrence Gomez CM et al.(4) 2009 Biliary complications after DDLT and to adult LDLT ERCP 30 LDLT vs 357 DDLT consecutive adult recipients with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction Biliary complications were more frequent after LDLT compared with DDLT Kobayashi T et al.(7) 2009 Biliary strictures after adult living donor liver transplant Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography Endoscopic approach for endoscopic dilatation and/or stent placement Endoscopic treatment after OLT was a significant risk factor for post-ERCP pancreatitis Kulaksiz H et al.(9) 2008 Post-LT biliary strictures Endoscopic treatment of strictures Balloon dilation vs balloon dilation plus stenting Endoscopic balloon dilation alone was as effective as dilation plus stent placement Lee SH et al.(10) 2008 Biliary strictures after LT ECP and PCP ECP and PCP for anastomotic stricture vs non-anastomotic stricture Endoscopic access should be the preferred first approach in patients with biliary stricture after LT Pasha SF et al.(12) 2007 ABS after deceased donor LT Endoscopic treatment Combined technique of BD and maximal stent placement Combined therapy was successful Zoepf T et al.(17) 2006 ABS after-LT Endoscopic treatment BD or combined BD+EP Combination of BD followed by an increasing number and diameter of endoprostheses Quality assessment of the studies The data of the selected primary studies selection are described in Figure 3. The quality assessment of the studies including study design, level of evidence and New Castle score (Ottawa Quality Assessment Cohort Studies)(16) were demonstrated in Figure 4. FIGURE 4. Quality assessment of the studies - study design, level of evidence and New Castle (Ottawa Quality Assessment Cohort Studies) Study Design Level of evidence New Castle 1/2/3/4/5/6/7/8/9 Total: ≥6 Chang JH et al.(1) 2012 Comparative retrospective study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/* Total: 6 Zoepf T et al.(18) 2012 Comparative retrospective study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:*/* Outcome:*/* Total: 7 Tarantino I et al.(15) 2012 Comparative prospective study 2B Selection: * /* /* Comparability:*/* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 8 Giampalma E et al.(3 ) 2012 Prospective comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Li QY et al.(11) 2011 Prospective comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/* Total: 6 Kim J et al.(6) 2010 Prospective comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Tabibian JH et al.(14) 2010 Comparative retrospective study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Gomez CM et al.(4) 2009 Retrospective comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/* Total: 6 Kobayashi T et al.(7) 2009 Retrospective comparative syudy 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Kulaksiz H et al.(9) 2008 Prospective comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/* Total: 6 Lee SH et al.(10) 2008 Comparative study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/* Total: 6 Pasha SF et al.(12) 2007 Comparative Study 2C Selection: * /* /* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Zoepf T et al.(17) 2006 Retrospective Comparative Study 2C Selection:*/*/* Comparability:* Outcome:*/*/* Total: 7 Meta-analysis Three meta-analysis calculations involved 5 comparative studies: 1. Endoscopic access (ECP) vs the percutaneous access (PCP) (Table 1); 2. Endoscopic balloon dilation associated with plastic endoprothesis (BD+EP) vs balloon dilatation alone (BD) (Table 2); 3. Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) as salvage therapy vs. SEMS as 1st line treatment deployed by ECP (Table 3). TABLE 1 Endoscopic (ECP) vs Percutaneous (PCP) access Lee SH ( 10 ) 2008 P: Biliary strictures after liver transplantation I: Endoscopic cholangioplasty (ECP) BD + Stent C: Percuteneous cholangioplasty (PCP) Balloon dilation + Cateter + Stent O: Success   ECP (%) PCP (%) P Success 15/25 (60) 36/61 (59) 0.93 Failure 10/25 25/61 0.83 Complications 6/25 (24) 14/61 (23) 0.92 Patency (days) 159 ± 24 195 ± 21 0.31 TABLE 2 Balloon dilation and Endoprothesis (BD+EP) vs. Balloon dilatation (BD) or ERCP Zoepf T ( 18 ) 2006 P: Post Liver Transplant Anastomotic Stricture (PTAS) I: BD C: BD+EP O: Normalization of Cholestasis   BD (%) BD + EP (%) P Initial success 8/9 (89) 13/15 (87) NA Initial failure 1/9 (11) 2/15 (13) NA Recurrence 5/8 (62.5) 4/13 (31) NA Complications 4/18 (22) 9/60 (15) NA Cholangitis 3/18 3/60 NA Pancreatitis 0/18 5/60 NA Mean duration of the treatment 45 d/ 1.5 m 120 d/ 4 m NA Kulaksiz H(9)2008 Prospective comparative study P: Symptomatic biliary strictures after liver transplantation (Anastomotic and Non-anastomotic BS) I: BD C: BD + EP O: Dilation success (3 months without further endoscopic intervention)   BD (%) BD + EP (%) P Initial Success (anastomotic and non-anastomotic strictures) 12/17 (70.6) 11/15 (73.3) n.s. Anastomotic stricture 10 9 NA Success/Recurrence 10/1 9/2 NA Non-anastomotic stricture 4 2 NA Success/Recurrence 2/1 - NA Initial Failure 5/17 (29.4) 4/15 (26.7) NA Recurrence 2/17 2/15 NA Complications 4/94 (4.3) 12/87 (13.6) <0.05 Cholangitis 2/94 4/87 NA Pancreatitis 1/94 2/87 NA Mean duration of the treament 183 ± 111 153 ± 57 n.s. TABLE 3 Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) as salvage therapy vs. SEMS as 1st line treatment deployed by Endoscopic (ECP) Tarantino I ( 15 ) 2012 P: Liver Trasplantation Complications I: SEMS after endoscopic therapy failure C: Self-expandable metallic stents O: Success, Recurrence/ SEMS migration, Duration   SEMS after failure (%) SEMS 1st line(%) P Success 28/39 (71.8) 8/15 (53.3) NA* Failure 11/39 7/15 NA Recurrence 4/28 (14.3) 2/8 (25) NA Migration 13/39 (33.3) 7/15 (46.7) NA Follow up period (days) 663 ± 300 432 ± 66 NA *NA - not available Endoscopic access (ECP) vs Percutaneous access (PCP) Only one study compared ECP vs PCP for the treatment of ABS after OLT and it was included in this meta-analysis (Table 1). Successful intervention rates (60.0% in ECP vs 59.3% in PCP, P = 1.00) and time to recurrence after successful intervention (44.8 ± 7.4 months in ECP vs 41.9 ± 3.4 months in PCP, P = 0.47) were no different between these two techniques. However, the number of intervention sessions for PCP (7.2 ± 0.6) was higher than for ECP (2.9 ± 0.6) (P<0.01). Complication rate was similar between the groups (24% in ECP vs 23% in PCP patients)(10). Balloon dilation associated with Endoprothesis (BD+EP) vs Ballon dilatation alone (BD) Two studies comparing BD+EP vs BD alone were included in the analysis(9, 17). The study by Zoepf et al.(18) was excluded because the authors included only ischemic biliary lesions. It was possible to extract the data from patients with anastomotic strictures included in the studies by Zoepf et al.(17) and Kulaksiz et al.(9). Both studies described a high initial clinical success with BD+EP and BD alone. However one study found a higher recurrence rate in the BD alone group. The meta-analysis showed no difference for the two techniques regarding initial clinical success, failure, complications or recurrence rates (Table 2). Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) as salvage therapy vs SEMS as 1st line treatment deployed by ECP One study compared the results of fully covered self-expandable metallic stents used as salvage therapy after failure of the treatment with plastic stents versus the use of SEMS as the 1st line therapy of ABS post-OLT(15). The clinical success, the recurrence, the failure and migration rates were no different between the two groups. However the follow up period was shorter in the SEMS as 1st line therapy group (Table 3). Plastic Stent vs SEMS deployed by PTC One study compared the results of plastic stents vs SEMS both deployed by PTC for the treatment of ABS post-living donor liver transplantation(6). The clinical success and complication rates favored the plastic stent group. However, the treatment duration was shorter in the SEMS group (Table 4). TABLE 4. Plastic stent vs SELF-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) deployed by percutaneous route (PTC) Kim J(6) 2010 P: Biliary anastomotic strictures following LDLT I: BD + Drainage catheter placement C: Covered retrievable stent placement after PTBD O: Success, Recurrence / Migration, Duration   Plastic stent SEMS P Success 37/39 14/20 0.005 Failure 2/39 6/20 NA* Complications 6/39 12/20 0.011 Recurrence 4/37 1/14 n.s. Treatment duration (days) 278 ± 115 197 ± 89 0.018 NA* - not available. LDLT: living donor liver transplantation; PTBD: percutaneous biliary drainage DISCUSSION Biliary strictures after OLT are recognized as the Achilles’ heel of OLT. They are usually classified in anastomotic biliary strictures (ABS) and non-anastomotic biliary strictures (NABS). The involved etiological factors seems to be the small bile duct diameter, a big disproportion between graft and recipient bile ducts, the ischemia time, tension on the anastomosis, infection and other technical issues(8). On the other hand, ischemia related to hepatic artery problems seems to be more related to the occurrence of NABS(2, 13). NABS can present as a single or multiple stenosis and has a reserved prognosis when compared to ABS(18). That is the reason why the present systematic review focused on ABS. We noticed that sometimes the two conditions were included in the cohort of patients but their results were not presented separately making impossible to evaluate the results of the treatment adequately. Multiple sessions of balloon dilation followed by the endoscopic placement of plastic stents is the most commonly adopted strategy for the treatment of ABS after OLT(5). The present systematic review makes clear that there is a paucity of well-designed randomized controlled trials to support this strategy. It is possible that several centers have used their expertise and experience in treatment of iatrogenic lesions of the biliary tree, and they may have brought the same concept for the treatment of ABS after OLT. Concerning the route of access, there is only one retrospective comparative trial comparing the transhepatic and the endoscopic accesses(10). In both groups the treatment was based on several sessions of dilation and stent insertion. There were no significant differences except for the fact that more sessions were needed in the transhepatic group. The authors attribute this occurrence to the accidental dislodgement of the external tube when the patients were at home. In this study, non-anastomotic biliary stricture cases occurred roughly in 30% of both groups. The authors recognized non-anastomotic biliary stricture as a predictor of failure of the dilation/stenting treatment. Considering that the transhepatic route is more invasive, and usually implicates in external drainage at some point of the treatment, it is easy to understand the widespread preference for the endoscopic access. Two studies compared balloon dilatation versus balloon dilatation with plastic stenting for the treatment of ABS after OLT(9, 17). One of them(9) was initiated as a prospective randomized trial (registration at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00487201). As some of the patients were not randomized the authors changed the trial design to a prospective comparative study. The initial clinical success and sustained clinical success rates were similar, around 95% and 70%, respectively. More complication events were observed in the stent group. The main reason was the occurrence of stent migration and occlusion. The other study(17) was a retrospective comparative one. Initial success rates were similar in both groups, around 90%. However in the balloon dilatation group stenosis recurrence rate was higher when compared to the combo treatment arm, roughly 60% and 30% respectively. The complication rates were similar between the groups. The present meta-analysis did not show any difference between the initial or sustained clinical success rates or the complication event rate when balloon dilatation and balloon dilatation plus stenting were compared. Some technical aspects may explain the above-mentioned results. In the study by Kulaksiz et al.(9), the mean number of sessions of endoscopic treatment was similar in both groups (five sessions) while in the study by Zoepf et al.(17), the mean number of sessions was double in the combo treatment group (four sessions) when compared to the balloon group (two sessions). Additionally, Kulaksiz et al.(9) dilated the ABS up to 6 mm (18Fr) and placed just a 10Fr stent in the first session which could explain the higher complication rate which was due to stent migration in the combo treatment group. Finally, Zoepf et al.(17) did not included stent migration as a complication. Taking in consideration these results it is possible that an intensive endoscopic treatment with several sessions of balloon dilation may achieve similar results when compared to balloon dilation and plastic stenting. If this were proved in a well-designed randomized trial, balloon dilation would be probably more cost effective in the treatment of ABS after OLT. On the other hand one could underline the fragility of the results obtained by the metanalytic model in experimental trials involving invasive procedures because the technical nuances (i.e., expertise of the operator, number of stents, dilatation pressure, duration of dilatation) are hardly controlled in that statistical model. In addition, another limitation of the results obtained by the present metanalysis was due to the scarce number of included studies and the small number of patients. The need for several sessions of endoscopic treatment for the treatment of ABS after OLT make the rationale for the use of metallic stents which achieve a higher diameter and develop later biliary obstruction when compared to plastic stents. The first series employed partially covered stents which presented lower migration rates at the cost of embedding of the uncovered mesh into the duct wall making its removal difficult and causing irreversible inflammatory changes in the bile duct(5). More recently fully covered metallic stents were employed with higher migration rates and variable results(5). We found a systematic review comparing the use of multiple plastic stents with self-expandable metallic stents for the treatment of ABS after OLT(5). The authors recognize that there were no well-designed randomized trials, but only small case series for both treatment strategies, making impossible a meta-analysis. They also conclude that the success rates with multiple plastic stents are possibly higher when the patients are treated for 12 months or longer. They found the same trend in patients treated with metallic stents for 3 months or longer. We found two retrospective comparative studies comparing plastic and metallic stents(6, 15). Tarantino et al.(15) compared the outcomes of patients with failure of the multiple plastic stenting strategy sent to metallic stenting (salvage therapy group) with patients sent directly to metallic stenting as a first line treatment (first line treatment group). The authors showed that the sustained clinical success rate was higher in the salvage therapy group when compared to the first line therapy group. The authors left the metallic stents for only 2 months in both groups. Kim et al.(6) compared plastic and metallic stents both placed by percutaneously in patients with biliary strictures submitted to living donor liver transplantation. The sustained clinical success was higher in the plastic group (95 vs 70%, P<0.0005). It must be considered that the metallic stent was left in place for just 2 months. These findings raise the concern about the lack of adequate evidence to support the early adoption of new technology in clinical practice based just on theoretical concepts and on previous experience with similar situation (i.e. endoscopic treatment of iatrogenic biliary strictures). As mentioned above, it is not proved that the combo treatment (balloon + plastic stent) is superior to balloon dilatation alone. It is possible that there are patients who would have resolution of the ABL with balloon dilatation alone. Well-designed randomized controlled trials could help to identify them. It is also noteworthy that a search for ongoing randomized controlled trials at the site http://clinicaltrials.gov revealed that there are four trials comparing fully covered metallic stents with plastic stents for the treatment of ABS after OLT, three of them still recruiting patients. Most of them are supposed to collect the first data by the end of this year or the beginning of 2014. 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Optimized endoscopic treatment of ischemic-type biliary lesions after liver transplantation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;76:556-63. Zoepf T Maldonado de Dechêne EJ Dechêne A Malágo M Beckebaum S Paul A Optimized endoscopic treatment of ischemic-type biliary lesions after liver transplantation Gastrointest Endosc 2012 76 556 63 Authors certificate that there are no financial competing interests Research performed at: Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Divisão de Transplante Hepático e Gastrointestinal, Laboratório de Investigação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo - FMUSP.