Condutores da dinâmica espacial do zooplâncton em um pequeno rio neotropical

Picapedra, Pablo Henrique dos Santos; Fernandes, Cleomar; Baumgartner, Gilmar; Sanches, Paulo Vanderlei

doi:10.1590/S2179-975X6421

Brasil

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Original Article • Acta Limnol. Bras. 34 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/S2179-975X6421 linkcopiar

Condutores da dinâmica espacial do zooplâncton em um pequeno rio neotropical

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Objetivo Nosso objetivo foi descrever a estrutura e os padrões espaciais da comunidade zooplanctônica em um pequeno sistema fluvial brasileiro (sub-bacia do rio Paranaíba) e avaliar o papel de um meandro na dinâmica dessa comunidade.

Métodos Amostras de zooplâncton foram coletadas em pontos localizados em um meandro e no leito do rio Aporé durante os períodos chuvoso e seco. Coletamos essas amostras na superfície e fundo de duas zonas diferentes (litorânea e canal). Para cada período hidrológico, a análise de variância foi conduzida para determinar as diferenças na riqueza de espécies e abundância do zooplâncton entre os diferentes pontos (longitudinal), zonas (lateral) e profundidades (vertical). A análise de cluster foi realizada para avaliar a similaridade na composição de espécies. Além disso, uma análise de correspondência canônica foi usada para selecionar as variáveis ambientais que melhor explicaram a variação nos dados de abundância do zooplâncton.

Resultados Registramos 152 espécies: 70 de rotíferos, 53 de amebas testáceas, 20 de cladóceros e 9 de copépodes. Observamos mudanças na riqueza de espécies e abundância do zooplâncton ao longo do eixo longitudinal do rio tanto no período chuvoso quanto no seco. No entanto, não detectamos nenhuma mudança lateral ou vertical nesses atributos. A análise de cluster também indicou que as maiores diferenças na composição de espécies estavam no eixo longitudinal do rio. A variabilidade longitudinal do zooplâncton foi associada principalmente a influência de um meandro a montante, bem como a mudanças na velocidade de fluxo d’água, turbidez e concentrações de sólidos suspensos à jusante.

Conclusões Nossos resultados demonstraram a importância de uma heterogeneidade de características hidrológicas como fator estruturante da comunidade zooplanctônica no rio Aporé. Assim, destacamos a relevância de ações para proteger e manter as características naturais desses ambientes.

Palavras-chave: rio Aporé; meandro; micro-habitat; potamoplâncton; composição taxonômica

Variables	Site
Variables	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
General
Latitude (S)	18º56'05”	18º58'35”	19º06'47”	19º06'56”	19º07'58”	19º08'12”	19º09'10”	19º13'15”	19º18'27”
Longitude (W)	52º05'58”	51º55'40”	51º42'25”	51º42'14”	51º39'48”	51º39'30”	51º30'05”	51º18'18”	51º06'35”
Width (m)	20	20	60	30	35	40	60	60	80
Maximum depth (m)	2.6	1.5	1.5	1.7	1.7	1.6	1.5	1.5	1.5
Boulders	−	−	−	Presence	Presence	Presence	−	Presence	−
Submerged plants	Presence	Presence	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Emergent plants	Presence	Presence	−	−	−	−	−	−	−
Floating plants	−	−	−	−	−	−	−	Presence	Presence
Rainy
Electrical conductivity (μS cm⁻¹)	16.1 (±1.0)	10.3 (±0.7)	14.7 (±0.3)	16.7 (±1.2)	17.1 (±0.6)	18.2 (±1.0)	23.1 (±1.3)	28.5 (±1.3)	34.0 (±2.5)
Dissolved oxygen (mg L⁻¹)	3.9 (±0.1)	6.5 (±0.5)	6.1 (±0.1)	5.3 (±0.3)	8.2 (±0.4)	8.2 (±0.2)	7.7 (±0.1)	7.4 (±0.2)	7.7 (±0.1)
pH	6.8 (±0.1)	7.2 (±0.3)	7.7 (±0.1)	7.4 (±0.3)	7.5 (±0.3)	7.6 (±0.2)	8.0 (±0.0)	7.2 (±0.3)	7.6 (±0.2)
Temperature (°C)	25.8 (±0.3)	25.7 (±0.3)	26.3 (±0.1)	26.4 (±0.4)	27.8 (±0.1)	27.7 (±0.2)	25.7 (±0.5)	27.3 (±0.3)	27.8 (±0.1)
Total phosphorus (mg L⁻¹)	0.05 (±0.00)	0.01 (±0.00)	0.01(±0.00)	0.02 (±0.00)	0.54 (±0.05)	0.26 (±0.03)	0.25 (±0.04)	0.05 (±0.01)	0.04 (±0.01)
Total suspended solids (mg L⁻¹)	55.8 (±4.2)	68.3 (±4.7)	66.9 (±4.4)	67.8 (±5.2)	42.6 (±2.9)	48.3 (±1.6)	52.8 (±3.9)	55.8 (±3.0)	55.5 (±2.6)
Turbidity (NTU)	8.4 (±0.6)	14.3 (±0.6)	14.2 (±0.7)	12.9 (±0.9)	12.5 (±1.3)	13.2 (±0.9)	17.3 (±1.6)	12.6 (±1.2)	14.1 (±0.7)
Water flow velocity (m s⁻¹)	0.00 (±0.00)	0.71 (±0.16)	0.76 (±0.32)	0.71 (±0.14)	1.09 (±0.28)	0.98 (±0.18)	0.73 (±0.63)	0.88 (±0.27)	0.81 (±0.37)
Dry
Electrical conductivity (μS cm⁻¹)	16.2 (±0.5)	11.7 (±1.0)	24.4 (±4.6)	18.6 (±1.1)	17.5 (±1.0)	18.0 (±0.8)	21.1 (±0.6)	25.6 (±1.3)	32.7 (±1.7)
Dissolved oxygen (mg L⁻¹)	5.6 (±0.1)	8.6 (±0.1)	8.6 (±0.2)	8.3 (±0.2)	8.9 (±0.0)	9.2 (±0.4)	8.2 (±0.1)	7.9 (±0.0)	8.0 (±0.1)
pH	6.1 (±0.1)	6.8 (±0.1)	6.5 (±0.2)	7.3 (±0.1)	7.4 (±0.2)	7.7 (±0.0)	6.5 (±0.2)	6.6 (±0.2)	6.8 (±0.1)
Temperature (°C)	20.8 (±0.6)	20.3 (±0.5)	18.0 (±0.1)	20.8 (±0.5)	20.6 (±0.1)	20.7 (±0.2)	18.1 (±0.1)	18.4 (±0.2)	18.5 (±0.4)
Total phosphorus (mg L⁻¹)	0.01 (±0.00)	0.02 (±0.01)	0.01 (±0.00)	0.01 (±0.00)	0.02 (±0.00)	0.01 (±0.00)	0.02 (±0.00)	0.02 (±0.00)	0.02 (±0.01)
Total suspended solids (mg L⁻¹)	38.0 (±5.2)	19.6 (±2.3)	15.1 (±2.0)	17.4 (±0.9)	25.5 (±1.3)	28.0 (±1.8)	25.8 (±1.7)	34.4 (±1.1)	28.6 (±2.2)
Turbidity (NTU)	3.2 (±1.0)	6.3 (±1.0)	7.4 (±1.4)	6.8 (±0.5)	6.3 (±0.5)	7.1 (±1.0)	6.9 (±0.8)	7.3 (±0.7)	7.9 (±0.7)
Water flow velocity (m s⁻¹)	0.00 (±0.00)	0.67 (±0.14)	0.75 (±0.77)	0.94 (±0.15)	0.90 (±0.35)	1.26 (±0.49)	0.91 (±0.54)	0.86 (±0.24)	0.79 (±0.19)

Taxa	Site	FO%
Testate amoebae
Arcellidae
Arcella brasiliensis Cunha, 1913	2, 4, 7, 9	7
Arcella conica (Playfair, 1918)	3, 4, 7, 8, 9	10
Arcella costata Ehrenberg, 1847	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	44
Arcella crenulata Deflandre, 1928	2, 3, 4, 6, 9	8
Arcella dentata Ehrenberg, 1830	2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	15
Arcella discoides Ehrenberg, 1843	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	56
Arcella gibbosa Pénard, 1890	6, 9	4
Arcella hemisphaerica Perty, 1852	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	40
Arcella megastoma Pénard, 1902	4, 6, 7, 8, 9	24
Arcella rotundata Playfair, 1918	1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	24
Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg, 1830	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	81
Centropyxidae
Centropyxis aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1830)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	90
Centropyxis cassis (Wallich, 1864)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	35
Centropyxis constricta Pénard, 1890	1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9	15
Centropyxis discoides Pénard, 1890	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	21
Centropyxis ecornis (Ehrenberg, 1841)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	56
Centropyxis gibba (Deflandre, 1929)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	39
Centropyxis platystoma Pénard, 1890	3, 4, 5, 6, 7	13
Cyphoderidae
Cyphoderia ampulla Ehrenberg, 1840	8, 9	3
Difflugiidae
Cucurbitella dentata quinquelobata Gauthier-Lièvre & Thomas, 1960	1, 4, 7, 9	7
Difflugia acuminata Ehrenberg, 1838	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9	31
Difflugia brevicolla Cash & Hopkinson, 1909	2	1
Difflugia capreolata Pénard, 1902	8	1
Difflugia corona Wallich, 1864	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7	21
Difflugia cylindrus Ogden, 1983	2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9	14
Difflugia difficilis (Thomas, 1955)	8	1
Difflugia distenda Ogden, 1983	3, 7	3
Difflugia elegans Pénard, 1890	5, 8, 9	4
Difflugia gramen (Pénard, 1899)	1, 4, 7, 9	15
Difflugia limnetica Pénard, 1912	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9	11
Difflugia linearis Gauthier & Lièvre, 1958	5	1
Difflugia litophila Pénard, 1902	3, 6, 7, 8, 9	10
Difflugia lobostoma Leidy, 1879	1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9	13
Difflugia minuta Rampi, 1950	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	18
Difflugia muriformis Gauthier-Lievrè & Thomas, 1958	3, 7	3
Difflugia oblonga Ehrenberg, 1838	6, 9	4
Difflugia penardi Hopkinson, 1909	2, 8, 9	4
Difflugia pseudogramen Gauthier-Lievrè & Thomas, 1958	7	1
Difflugia pyriformis Perty, 1849	1, 3, 4, 6, 9	7
Difflugia sp.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	46
Difflugia urceolata Carter, 1864	3, 7, 9	4
Pontigulasia compressa (Carter, 1864)	9	1
Pontigulasia elisa Pénard, 1893	3, 4, 6, 7, 8	17
Euglyphidae
Euglypha acanthophora (Ehrenberg, 1841)	1, 2, 4, 6, 7	7
Euglypha denticulata Brown, 1912	2	3
Euglypha laevis Perty, 1849	1, 8, 9	4
Lesquereusidae
Lesquereusia globulosa Gauthier-Lièvre & Thomas, 1959	2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9	14
Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg, 1840)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	33
Netzelia oviformis Ogden, 1979	2, 4, 5, 7	8
Paraquadrulidae
Quadrulella symmetrica tubulata (Gauthier-Lièvre, 1953)	5, 7, 8, 9	6
Plagiopyxidae
Plagiopyxis sp.	8	1
Trigonopyxidae
Cyclopyxis impressa (Daday, 1905)	2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9	21
Cyclopyxis kahli (Deflandre, 1929)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	38
Rotifera
Asplanchnidae
Asplanchna sieboldii (Leydig, 1854)	4, 5, 6	4
Brachionidae
Anuraeopsis navicula Rousselet, 1911	1, 3, 4, 7, 8	8
Brachionus angularis Gosse, 1851	3, 7, 8, 9	21
Brachionus bidentata Anderson, 1889	8	1
Brachionus calyciflorus Pallas, 1766	6	1
Brachionus caudatus Ahlstrom, 1940	5, 7, 9	6
Brachionus dolabratus Harring, 1914	4, 5	4
Brachionus falcatus Zacharias, 1898	5, 7, 8, 9	8
Brachionus quadridentatus Hermann, 1783	7, 8	7
Kellicottia bostoniensis (Rousselet, 1908)	2, 4, 7, 9	7
Keratella americana Carlin, 1943	4, 5, 6, 8, 9	10
Keratella cochlearis Gosse, 1851	2, 4, 5, 7, 9	10
Keratella tropica (Apstein, 1907)	1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9	24
Notholca sp.	2	3
Plationus patulus (Müller, 1786)	1, 4	6
Platyias quadricornis (Ehrenberg, 1832)	2, 3, 4, 9	13
Collothecidae
Collotheca sp.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	53
Conochilidae
Conochilus coenobasis (Skorikow, 1914)	1, 2, 3, 7	8
Euchlanidae
Beauchampiella eudactylota (Gosse, 1886)	1, 6	3
Dipleuchlanis propatula (Gosse, 1886)	4, 6, 7, 9	7
Euchlanis dilatata Ehrenberg, 1832	1, 3, 4, 6, 9	10
Tripleuchlanis plicata (Levander, 1894)	2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9	17
Flosculariidae
Ptygura sp.	1, 2, 4, 5	15
Sinantherina ariprepes Edmondson, 1939	4, 5, 6, 8, 9	10
Hexarthridae
Hexarthra mira (Hudson, 1871)	8	1
Lecanidae
Lecane aculeata (Jakubski, 1912)	4	1
Lecane bulla (Gosse, 1851)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	78
Lecane cornuta (Müller, 1786)	4	1
Lecane decipiens (Murray, 1913)	4	1
Lecane elsa Hauer, 1931	7	1
Lecane grandis (Murray, 1913)	3, 4	4
Lecane hastata (Murray, 1913)	4, 8	3
Lecane leontina (Turner, 1892)	1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9	18
Lecane ludwigi (Eckstein, 1883)	1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9	15
Lecane luna (Müller, 1776)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9	31
Lecane lunaris (Ehrenberg, 1832)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	47
Lecane murrayi (Hauer, 1965)	4, 7, 8	7
Lecane obtusa (Murray, 1913)	4, 7	4
Lecane quadridentata (Ehrenberg, 1832)	9	1
Lecane signifera (Jennings, 1896)	1, 4	6
Lecane sp.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	44
Lecane stenroosi (Meissner, 1908)	4, 9	3
Lepadellidae
Lepadella ovalis (Müller, 1786)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	44
Lepadella patella (Müller, 1773)	2, 3, 4, 8, 9	10
Lepadella pumilo Hauer, 1931	3, 4, 5	4
Paracolurella logima (Myers, 1934)	3	1
Mytilinidae
Mytilina crassipes (Lucks, 1912)	2, 4	3
Mytilina mucronata (Müller, 1773)	9	1
Notommatidae
Cephalodella gibba (Ehrenberg, 1830)	2, 3, 7, 8, 9	10
Cephalodella sp.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	94
Monommata sp.	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	49
Notommata copeus Ehrenberg, 1834	4, 8	3
Notommata sp.	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	69
Philodinidae
Dissotrocha aculeata (Ehrenberg, 1832)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	33
Dissotrocha sp.	1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	24
Synchaetidae
Polyarthra dolichoptera Idelson, 1925	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	24
Synchaeta stylata Wierzejski, 1893	1	1
Testudinellidae
Pompholyx complanata Gosse, 1851	4, 6, 7, 9	11
Testudinella patina (Hermann, 1783)	1, 2, 3, 5, 8	8
Trichocercidae
Trichocerca bidens (Lucks, 1912)	2, 3, 4, 5, 7	14
Trichocerca cylindrica (Imhof, 1891)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9	18
Trichocerca fusiformis (Levander, 1894)	5, 6	3
Trichocerca insulana (Hauer, 1937)	2, 3, 5, 7	6
Trichocerca similis (Wierzejski, 1893)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	44
Trichocerca sp.	1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9	14
Trichocerca tigris (Müller, 1786)	2	1
Trichotriidae
Macrochaetus sericus (Thorpe, 1893)	2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9	24
Trichotria tetractis (Ehrenberg, 1830)	3, 4, 8, 9	10
Trochosphaeridae
Filinia opoliensis (Zacharias, 1898)	2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9	8
Filinia terminalis (Plate, 1886)	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	46
Cladocera
Bosminidae
Bosmina hagmanni Stingelin, 1904	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8	11
Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895	1, 2, 5, 9	26
Chydoridae
Acroperus tupinamba Sinev & Elmoor-Loureiro, 2010	2, 4, 9	6
Alona guttata Sars, 1862	4, 8	3
Alonella dadayi Birge, 1910	1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9	26
Biapertura ossiani (Sinev, 1998)	4, 5, 6, 8	8
Chydorus eurynotus Sars, 1901	1, 4, 7, 9	10
Euryalona orientalis (Daday, 1898)	8	1
Leydigiopsis curvirostris Sars, 1901	2, 7, 8, 9	7
Magnospina dentifera (Sars, 1901)	4, 7, 8	4
Nicsmirnovius paggii Souza & Elmoor-Loureiro, 2017	4	3
Notoalona sculpta (Sars, 1901)	5	1
Ovalona glabra (Sars, 1901)	4, 8	4
Daphniidae
Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Dadayi, 1902	9	3
Daphnia gessneri Herbst, 1967	1, 2, 5, 7	7
Simocephalus mixtus Sars, 1903	3	1
Ilyocriptidae
Ilyocryptus spinifer Herrick, 1882	1, 9	4
Macrothricidae
Macrothrix squamosa Sars, 1901	1, 4, 9	6
Moinidae
Moina minuta Hansen, 1899	1	1
Sididae
Diaphanosoma spinulosum Herbst, 1975	6	1
Copepoda
Young stages
Nauplii Cyclopoida	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	72
Nauplii Calanoida	1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9	46
Copepodit Cyclopoida	1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9	22
Copepodit Calanoida	1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9	22
Cyclopidae
Acanthocyclops robustus (Sars, 1863)	1, 6	3
Mesocyclops meridianus (Kiefer, 1926)	1, 9	3
Mesocyclops sp.	1, 2, 9	10
Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson, 1882)	1, 6	6
Thermocyclops decipiens (Kiefer, 1929)	1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9	19
Thermocyclops minutus (Lowndes, 1934)	1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9	15
Diaptomidae
Argyrodiaptomus azevedoi (Wright, 1935)	1, 9	3
Argyrodiaptomus furcatus (Sars, 1901)	1, 2, 6	6
Notodiaptomus sp.	1, 2, 6	11

Factor	Zooplankton	Richness F value			Abundance F value
Factor	Zooplankton	Rainy	Dry	Rainy*Dry	Rainy	Dry	Rainy*Dry
Site	Total	5.6 (***)	5.6 (***)	2.0 (ns)	3.2 (*)	20.3 (***)	0.2 (ns)
(df = 8)	Testate amoebae	5.7 (***)	6.4 (***)	1.8 (ns)	17.2 (***)	10.0 (***)	5.6 (***)
	Rotifera	3.3 (**)	6.1 (***)	1.6 (ns)	2.0 (ns)	5.1 (**)	3.3 (**)
	Cladocera	6.8 (***)	6.1 (***)	5.6 (***)	1.8 (ns)	2.9 (*)	1.1 (ns)
	Copepoda	6.4 (***)	13.5 (***)	2.1 (ns)	5.1 (**)	82.5 (***)	0.4 (ns)

Zone	Total	0.0 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.5 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.3 (ns)
(df = 1)	Testate amoebae	0.1 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.3 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.0 (ns)
	Rotifera	0.4 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.4 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.2 (ns)
	Cladocera	0.1 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.5 (ns)	0.5 (ns)	0.3 (ns)
	Copepoda	0.1 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.4 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.2 (ns)

Depth	Total	0.1 (ns)	2.1 (ns)	0.7 (ns)	0.2 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.1 (ns)
(df = 1)	Testate amoebae	0.1 (ns)	0.8 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.2 (ns)	0.0 (ns)
	Rotifera	0.0 (ns)	1.7 (ns)	1.2 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	1.6 (ns)	0.3 (ns)
	Cladocera	0.1 (ns)	0.2 (ns)	0.2 (ns)	0.3 (ns)	0.9 (ns)	0.1 (ns)
	Copepoda	0.6 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.0 (ns)	0.2 (ns)	0.1 (ns)	0.3 (ns)

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[1] Significance levels are: (ns) non-significant, p > 0.05; (*) 0.01 < p ≤ 0.05; (**) 0.001 < p ≤ 0.01; (***) p ≤ 0.001. Abbreviation: df, degrees of freedom.