CRITICAL PERIOD AND PHONOLOGICAL ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH BY BRAZILIAN SPEAKERS

Santos, Raquel Santana; Fragozo, Carina

Raquel Santana Santos

Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. São Paulo – SP - Brazil. raquelss@usp.br.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0277-7994

Carina Fragozo

Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas. São Paulo – SP - Brazil. cfragozo@gmail.com.

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8582-8469

Figures (4)
Tables (33)

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Figure 1
Voicing by Age of Acquisition and Level of Proficiency

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Figure 2
Voicing by Age of Acquisition and Level of Proficiency: following context is devoiced or there is a pause

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Figure 3
Stress Shift by Onset Age of Acquisition and Level of Proficiency

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Figure 4
Rate of correct stress assignment by level of proficiency and onset age of acquisition

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pa[s]ta vs. ra[z]ga ‘briefcase’ vs. ‘tears up’

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pa[s] ‘peace’

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pa[s] comum ‘common peace’

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pa[z] eterna ‘eternal peace’

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pa[z] branca ‘white peace’

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bus [bʌs] x buzz [bʌz]

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fence [fƐns] x fens [fƐnz]

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his [hɪz] x hiss [hɪs]

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[faiv] five x [faif tons] five tons

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Plural Genitive Case Simple Present a. [s] cats [kӕts] [s] Jack's [s] s/he jumps b. [z] dogs [dɔgz] [z] John's [z] s/he runs c. [iz] buses [bʌzəs] [iz] George's [iz] s/he catches

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Table 1
Ratio of voicing for native speakers and learners by level of proficiency

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fourTEEN - [FOURteen WOmen]ɸ

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MissiSSIppi - MIssissippi LEgislature

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seventy-SEven - SEventy-seven SEals

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I saw [a raCOON]ɸ [MONday]ɸ * I saw a RAcoon MONday

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[maROON COAT]ɸ /mə´ru:n ´koʊt/ * [´məru:n ´koʊt]

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[JeSUS CRISto]ɸ - JEsus CRIsto ‘Jesus Christ’

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[caFÉ QUENte]ɸ [queima a boca]ɸ → [CAfé QUENte] ɸ [queima a boca]ɸ ‘Hot coffee burns the mouth’

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[caFÉ QUENte]ɸ [queima]ɸ → *[CAfé QUENte] ɸ [queima]ɸ ‘hot coffee burns (it)’.

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caFÉ requenTAdo → * CAfé requenTAdo ‘reheated coffe’

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jeSUS ressusciTAdo → * JEsus ressusciTAdo ‘ressurrected Jesus’

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Table 2
Stress shift ratio for native speakers and learners by level of proficiency

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ca.LOR ‘heat’

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me.NI.no ‘boy’

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PRÍN.ci.<pe> ‘prince’

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MÓ.ve<l> ‘furniture’

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ca.FÉAbstract consonant >> cafeteira, cafezal ‘Coffee’ ‘coffeemaker’ ‘coffee plantation’

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Table 3
Rate of correct answers of learners - by level of proficiency - and native speakers

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Table 4
Production of the fricative in all contexts

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Table 5
Production of fricatives when the following context has a devoiced segment or a pause

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Table 6
Stress Shift by Onset Age of Acquisition

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Table 7
Stress shift by level of proficiency, onset age, and context

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Table 8
Stress Assignment by Level of Proficiency and Onset Age of Acquisition

Plural	Genitive Case	Simple Present
a. [s] cats [kӕts]	[s] Jack's	[s] s/he jumps
b. [z] dogs [dɔgz]	[z] John's	[z] s/he runs
c. [iz] buses [bʌzəs]	[iz] George's	[iz] s/he catches

Level of Proficiency	Voiced Production		Unvoiced Production		Factor Weight
Level of Proficiency	N	%	n	%	Factor Weight
Basic	99	16.50	501	83.50	0.44
Intermediate	203	33.83	397	66.17	0.59
Advanced	164	27.33	436	72.67	0.45
Native speakers	185	44.05	235	55.95

Level of Proficiency	Shift		No shift		Factor Weight
Level of Proficiency	N	%	N	%	Factor Weight
Basic	80	17.5%	378	82.5%	0.34
Intermediate	114	24.8%	346	75.2%	0.45
Advanced	202	43.9%	258	56.1%	0.69
Native speakers	80	49.7%	81	50.3%

Level of Proficiency	Correct answers				Factor Weight
	Yes		No
	N	%	N	%
Basic	751	60.9%	483	39.1%	0.35
Intermediate	885	72.4%	337	27.6%	0.47
Advanced Native speakers	1022	83.3%	205	16.7%	0.67
Native speakers	800	92.16%	68	7.83%

Level of Proficiency	Onset age	Voiced production	Voiceless production
Native Speakers		44.05%	55.95%
Basic	Before 12 y/o	16.33%	83.67%
Basic	After 12 y/o	17%	83%
Intermediate	Before 12 y/o	35%	65%
Intermediate	After 12 y/o	32.33%	67.67%
Advanced	Before 12 y/o	26.66%	73.34%
Advanced	After 12 y/o	28%	72%

Level of Proficiency	Onset age	Voiced production	Voiceless production
Native speakers		72.85% (N = 153)	27.15%
Basic	Before 12 y/o	0.66% (N = 1)	99.34%
Basic	After 12 y/o	1.33% (N = 2)	98.67%
Intermediate	Before 12 y/o	2% (N = 3)	98%
Intermediate	After 12 y/o	1.33% (N = 2)	98.67%
Advanced	Before 12 y/o	0.66% (N = 1)	99.34%
Advanced	After 12 y/o	0% (N = 0)	100%

Onset age of Acquisition	Shift		No shift		Factor Weight
Onset age of Acquisition	N	%	N	%	Factor Weight
Before 12 y/o	229	33.3%	459	66.7%	0.56
After 12 y/o	167	24.2%	523	75.8%	0.43

Level of proficiency	Onset age of Acquisition	Context
		With clash		No clash
		N	%	N	%
Native speaker		80	49.7%	83	51.6%
Basic	Before 12 y/o	29	25.43%	26	22.8%
Basic	After 12 y/o	13	11.3%	14	12.17%
Intermediate	Before 12 y/o	37	32.17	38	38.66%
Intermediate	After 12 y/o	20	17.39%	19	16.52%
Advanced	Before 12 y/o	53	46.08%	48	41.73%
Advanced	After 12 y/o	54	46.95%	47	40.86%

Level of Proficiency	Onset Age of Acquisition	Correct answers
		Oxytone		Paroxytone / Proparoxytone
		N	%	N	%
Native Speaker		415/448	92.6%	385/420	91.66%
Basic	Before 12 y/o	168/319	52.66	243/299	81.27
Basic	After 12 y/o	143/294	48.63	199/298	66.77
Intermediate	Before 12 y/o	199/314	63.37	251/298	84.22
Intermediate	After 12 y/o	189/315	60	253/296	85.47
Advanced	Before 12 y/o	232/310	74.83	270/298	90.6
Advanced	After 12 y/o	217/301	72.09	278/299	92.97

Brasil

Brasil

CRITICAL PERIOD AND PHONOLOGICAL ACQUISITION OF ENGLISH BY BRAZILIAN SPEAKERS

ABSTRACT:

[caFÉ QUENte]ɸ [queima a boca]ɸ	→	[CAfé QUENte] ɸ [queima a boca]ɸ
‘Hot coffee burns the mouth’

[caFÉ QUENte]ɸ [queima]ɸ	→	*[CAfé QUENte] ɸ [queima]ɸ
‘hot coffee burns (it)’.

jeSUS ressusciTAdo	→ * JEsus ressusciTAdo
‘ressurrected Jesus’

ca.FÉ_{Abstract consonant}	>>	cafeteira,	cafezal
‘Coffee’		‘coffeemaker’	‘coffee plantation’